Transcript An age of revolutions

An age of revolutions
Performer - Culture & Literature
Marina Spiazzi, Marina Tavella,
Margaret Layton © 2012
An age of Revolutions
1. The Industrial Revolution
CAUSES
Great increase in population
towards 1750
Greater demand for pots, beer
and clothes
Need for more efficient production.
England changed from a farming to
an industrial country
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An age of Revolutions
1. The Industrial Revolution
The ‘Revolution’ implied
New
technologies
and inventions
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The
development of
the factory
system
New sources
of power and
transport
An age of Revolutions
1. The Industrial Revolution
The most important inventions were:
•James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny
 a worker could work eight spools at
once.
•Richard Arkwright’s water frame
used water power.
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A spinning jenny
An age of Revolutions
1. The Industrial Revolution
James Watt’s steam
engine factories
built on coal and iron
fields of Lancashire,
Yorkshire, South
Scotland and South
Wales
Changes in transport
•transport was made more efficient;
•new waterways were built;
•road conditions were improved.
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cloth
manufactured
more cheaply
An age of Revolutions
2. The Agrarian Revolution
The widespread enclosure of ‘open fields’ and common
land aimed at making larger, more efficient farms.
• improvements in the
selective breeding of
cattle to produce more
meat
• improvements in farming
techniques such as crop
rotation and
mechanisation
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The English Leicester, a breed of sheep Coke
introduced into Norfolk and cross-bred with the
native Norfolk Horn
An age of Revolutions
3. Industrial society
‘Mushroom towns’  small towns built near the factories to
house the workers
Terrible living conditions
•lacked elementary public
services;
•air and water pollution;
•houses built in endless rows;
•overcrowding.
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An age of Revolutions
3. Industrial society
Working conditions
•women and children
increasingly paid less
and easier to control;
•long working hours;
•rational division of labour;
•mechanisation.
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An age of Revolutions
3. Industrial society
Life expectancy of the poor
below twenty years due to
Incessant toil
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disease
heavy drinking
to bear fatigue
and alienation
An age of Revolutions
4.The American War
of Independence
Causes
•New taxes to the American colonies.
One tax was on the importation of tea.
Consequences
•The ‘Boston Tea Party’
(1773)  the rebels threw tea
imported from Britain into the
•harbour.
•Their motto ‘No taxation
without representation’.
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An age of Revolutions
4.The American War
of Independence
The Americans were divided into
‘Patriots’
•had no army, knew the land;
•supported by the French fleet which prevented the British
navy from aiding the Loyalists.
‘Loyalists’
•had an army,
•the army was too small to both attack and defend what it
had won.
•the army was distant from supplies and orders.
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An age of Revolutions
4.The American War
of Independence
1776 American Declaration of Independence
written by Thomas Jefferson
stated that
the colonies
= a new nation
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all men have a
natural right to
‘life, liberty, and
the pursuit of
happiness’
governments can
claim the right to
rule if they have
‘the consent of
the governed’
An age of Revolutions
4.The American War
of Independence
Treaty of Versailles 1783
Britain recognised
the independence
of its former colonies.
The republic of the United States of America
adopted a federal constitution in 1787.
George Washington became
the first President.
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