Transcript Unit07SmallTurbines - Wind

Bergey Excel Nomenclature
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1. Spinner
2. Rotor
3. Generator
4. Frame
5. Yaw Mount
6. Slip Rings
7. Tail Boom
8. Nacelle Cover
9. Yaw Crank
Generators
Direct-Drive DC
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Generators
Direct-Drive Alternator (Small)
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Small Wind Turbine Applications
• Off-the-Grid Power Systems
Boating
Cathodic Protection
Fence Charging
Wind Pumping
Remote Homesteads/Third World Villages
• On-the-Grid or Interconnected
Residential & Small Commercial
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Interconnection with
Batteries & Inverter (SW)
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Relative Size of Small Wind Turbines
Swept Area (m2)
8
Rotor Diameter (m)
40
30
7
7m
20
6
6m
10
5
5m
1
4
4m
3
3m
2
2m
1
1m
0
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0
2
3
4
5
Rotor Diameter (m)
6
7
Small Wind Turbines
• Micro Wind Turbines
~ 1 meter (2-4 feet) in Diameter
Air 300/400/X
Marlec 910F
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Small Wind Turbines
• Mini Wind Turbines
1-3 meters (3-10 feet) in Diameter
LVM6F
Whisper H40
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Small Wind Turbines
• Household-Size Wind Turbines
4-10 meters (12-35 feet) in Diameter & Larger
Transitional to Medium-Size Turbines
Jacobs 17-20
Whisper 175
Bergey Excel
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Small Wind Turbine Fall Safety
• Minimal or No Work on Tower
• Fall-Arresting System
• Work Platform
• Lanyard Anchorages
• Training
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Small Wind Turbine Fall Safety
Fall-Arresting System
Lanyard Anchorage
Work Platform
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The Problems of Small Wind
• Poor Productivity
~2/3 that of Medium-Size Turbines
• High Cost
~5X More than Medium-Size Turbines
• Poor Reliability
Reports on awea-wind-home Newsgroup
• Small Market
Little Money Makes Improvement Problematic
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The Problems of Small Wind
• Towers Not
Standardized
Affects Installation
• Installation Not
Standardized
Affects Safety
• Service Not
Standardized
Non Tilt-Down Require
On-Tower Work
Affects Safety and
Reliability
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The Problems of Small Wind
• Aggressive Marketing
Pushes Sales, Not Customer Benefits
• Industry Sells Turbines
Not Wind Systems--Mix & Match Towers
• Unsophisticated Market
Doesn’t Demand Better Products
Susceptible to Hustlers & Charlatans
• Owners in the Dark
Due to the Absence of Metering
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The Problems of Small Wind
• Aesthetic
Most Need a Good Industrial Designer
• Simply Too Noisy
Noisy for Their Size
Closer to People
• But They Do Provide an Essential
Service at Remote Sites!
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New Rivals to Small Wind
• Used Commercial Turbines
Thousands in California & Europe
EMS (SD) Rewinding to Single Phase
Now Used in Alberta, Iowa, South Dakota
• Downsizing of Commercial Turbines
Enercon E20
Fuhrländer, Henry Dupont
Lagerwey 18/80, Dutch Farmer’s Choice
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Small Wind Turbine Test Fields
• Professional or Commercial
NREL, Colorado
AEI, Texas
Windward, Utah
Atlantic Wind Test Site, PEI, Canada
• Private Unfunded
Mick Sagrillo, Wisconsin
Mike Klemen, North Dakota
Wulf Test Field, California
Folkecenter, Denmark
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Wulf Test Field
Tehachapi Pass
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Wulf Test Field
Turbines Tested
Marlec 910F
BWC 850
Air 303/403/X.1/X.2/X.3
Whisper H40
LVM 6F
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Wulf Test Field
Tests Performed
Power Curves
Power Loss
Noise Emissions
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Small Turbine Noise Measurements
• Meters Costly
• Somewhat Complex
• Difficult for Amateurs
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Calculated Emission Source Strength
Selected Small Wind Turbines
dB A
(L e q )
110
100
90
80
70
12
13
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20
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22
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24
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Wind Speed (mph)
BWC 850
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BWC Unloaded
Ampair 100
Air 403
AirX
26
27
Calculated & Measured Noise Emissions
Source Sound Power Level at 8 m/s
120
Sound Power Level dBA
1980s
1990s
!1999 ,Small
&Micro &H40
110
100
90
80
L=22 log D + 72
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BWC 850
Air303
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H40
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AirX
&
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! !!! !
!! !
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L=22 log D + 65
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70
60
1
10
Diameter (meters)
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100
Bergey Excel (7 m)
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PMG (Ferrite)
Direct-Drive
Furling
Rugged
Various Versions
Test Reports
Power Curve
Noise
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Bergey Excel S (7 m)
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Bergey Excel S (7 m)
90
Turbine operating - inverter on line
85
Turbine operating - inverter off line
80
Background noise
Sound pressure level - dB(A)
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
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2
4
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10
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Standardized wind speed - m/s
NREL
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Small Turbine Noise (NREL)
90
Air X
Air 403
Excel
Northwind 100
AOC 15/50
XL.1
85
Sound Pressure Level - dB(A)
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
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4
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Standardized Wind Speed - m/s
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NREL
Small Turbine Manufacturers
• Bergey
• Southwest
Windpower
• Vergnet (FR)
• Proven (GB)
• AOC (?)
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Ampair (GB)
LVM(GB)
Marlec
Juan Bornay (ES)
Bergey Windpower
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Vergnet
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Southwest Windpower
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LVM, Ampair, Marlec
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Proven
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Ventus Germany
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AirCon Germany
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AirCon Germany
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Household-Size
Wind
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Household-Size
Wind
Energie PGE, Quebec
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Small Wind DIY Workshops
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Small Wind Turbines Must Become as Reliable and
as Productive as Today’s Commercial Turbines
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