Transcript 第9讲印欧语的语音及其演变

语音学入门第九讲
印欧语的语音
及其演变
朱 磊
上海外国语大学语言研究院
1 语音的变化
共时（synchronic）变化
 历时（diachronic）变化
 共时变化与历时变化的关系

2 历史比较语言学
英语史
古英语语法
汉语史
现代汉语词汇学
……
……
历史比较语言学
语言类型学
（historical
（linguistic typology）
comparative
对比语言学
linguistics）
（contrastive linguistics）
历史比较语言学的基本原则和方法
语言符号的任意性
 谱系树模型（tree model）与波浪模型
（wave model）
 构拟（reconstruction）

3 印欧语假说
The Sanskrit language, whatever be
its antiquity, is of a wonderful
structure; more perfect than the
Greek, more copious than the Latin,
and more exquisitely refined than
either, yet bearing to both of them a
stronger affinity, both in the roots of
verbs and in the forms of grammar,
than could possibly have been
produced by accident; so strong
indeed, that no philologer could
examine them all three, without
believing them to have sprung from
some common source, which,
perhaps, no longer exists: there is a
similar reason, though not quite so
forcible, for supposing that both the
Gothic and the Celtic, though
blended with a very different idiom,
had the same origin with the Sanskrit;
and the old Persian might be added
to the same family, if this were the
place for discussing any question
concerning the antiquities of Persia.
William Jones (1746-1794)
印欧语谱系树
印欧语构拟

Swadesh词表
一百词表
两百词表
4 印欧语语音的演变规律

例1 格林定律
Sanskrit: मधु (madhu)
Greek:
μέθυ (methu)
English: mead
bʰ → b → p → f
dʰ → d → t → θ
gʰ → g → k → x
gʷʰ → gʷ → kʷ → xʷ
Change
*p→f
*t→þ [θ]
Germanic (shifted) examples
Non-Germanic (unshifted) cognates
English: foot,, Dutch: voet,
German: Fuß, Gothic: fōtus,
Icelandic, Faroese: fótur,
Danish: fod, Norwegian,
Swedish: fot
Ancient Greek: πούς (pūs), Latin:
pēs, pedis, Sanskrit: pāda, Russian:
под (pod), Lithuanian: pėda,
Latvian pēda
Ancient Greek: τρίτος (tritos), Latin:
English: third, Old High
tertius, Gaelic treas, Irish: trí,
German: thritto, Gothic: þridja, Sanskrit: treta, Russian: третий
Icelandic: þriðji
(tretij), Lithuanian: trečias, Latvian
trīs
*k→h [x]
English: hound, Dutch: hond,
German: Hund, Gothic:
hunds, Icelandic, Faroese:
hundur, Danish, Norwegian,
Swedish: hund
*kʷ→hw
[xw]
English: what, Gothic: ƕa
Latin: quod, Gaelic: ciod, Irish: cad,
("hwa"), Danish hvad,
Sanskrit: ka-, kiṃ, Russian: ко- (koIcelandic: hvað, Faroese hvat,
), Lithuanian: ką', Latvian kas
Norwegian: hva
Ancient Greek: κύων (kýōn), Latin:
canis, Gaelic, Irish: cú, Welsh ci
*b→p
English: warp; Swedish: värpa;
Dutch: werpen; Icelandic, Faroese:
varpa, Gothic wairpan
Latin: verber
*d→t
English: ten, Dutch: tien, Gothic:
taíhun, Icelandic: tíu, Faroese:
tíggju, Danish, Norwegian: ti,
Swedish: tio
Latin: decem, Greek: δέκα (déka),
Gaelic, Irish: deich, Sanskrit:
daśan, Russian: десять
(desyat‘ ), Lithuanian: dešimt,
Welsh deg, Latvian desmit
*g→k
English: cold, Dutch: koud,
German: kalt, Icelandic, Faroese:
kaldur, Danish: kold, Norwegian:
kald, Swedish: kall,
Latin: gelū
English: quick, Frisian: quick,
queck, Dutch: kwiek, Gothic: qius,
*gʷ→kw Old Norse: kvikr, Danish: kvik,
Lithuanian: gyvas
Icelandic, Faroese: kvikur, Swedish:
kvick, Norwegian kvikk
*bʰ→b
English: brother, Dutch: broeder,
German: Bruder, Gothic: broþar,
Icelandic, Faroese: bróðir, Danish,
Swedish, Norwegian: broder
Sanskrit: bhrātṛ, Russian: брат
(brat), Lithuanian: brolis, Old
Church Slavonic: братръ (bratr‘ ),
Latvian brālis
*dʰ→d
*gʰ→g
*gʷʰ→gw→w
English: door, Frisian: doar, Dutch:
deur, Gothic: daúr, Icelandic,
Faroese: dyr, Danish, Norwegian:
dør, Swedish: dörr
English: goose, Frisian: guos,
Dutch: gans, German: Gans,
Icelandic: gæs, Faroese: gás,
Danish, Norwegian, Swedish: gås
Irish: doras, Sanskrit: dwār,
Russian: дверь (dver‘ ),
Lithuanian: durys, Latvian
durvis
Russian: гусь (gus‘ )
English: wife, Proto-Germanic:
wiban (from former gwiban), Old
Saxon, Old Frisian: wif, Dutch: wijf,
Old High German: wib, German:
Tocharian A: kip, B: kwípe
Weib, Old Norse: vif, Icelandic: víf,
(vulva)
Faroese: vív, Danish, Swedish,
Norwegian: viv (although no
longer understood in
contemporary Swedish?)
格林定律的例外情况
*sp
English: spew, Gothic: speiwan, Dutch:
spuien, German: speien, Danish,
Latin: spuere
Norwegian, Swedish: spy, Icelandic:
spýja, Faroese: spýggja
*st
English: stand, Dutch: staan, German:
stehen, Icelandic, Faroese: standa,
Danish, Swedish: stå
*sk
*skʷ
English: short, Old Norse and
Icelandic: skorta, Old High German:
scurz
English: scold, Old Norse: skäld,
Icelandic: skáld, Dutch: schelden,
Norwegian: skald
Latin: stāre, Irish: stad,
Sanskrit: sta, Russian:
стать (stat‘ ), Lithuanian:
stoti
Lithuanian: skurdus
Irish: scioll
4 印欧语语音的演变规律

例2 Centum语言和Satem语言
*kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ
*k, *g, *gʰ
*ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ
*k, *g, *gʰ
*ʂ, *s, *ɕ
现代印欧语中Centum语言和Satem语言的分界线
4 印欧语语音的演变规律

例3 英语元音大转移
4 印欧语语音的演变规律

例4 印欧语r音的变迁
radio：[ˈɹeɪdiəʊ] （英）
[ˈʁadio] （法）
[ˈʀadio] （德）
[ˈradʲio] （俄 радио）
挪威（老年人）
挪威（青年人）
4 印欧语语音的演变规律

新语法学派（Junggrammatiker；neogrammarians）
语音变化无例外？
5 语音演变的生理、声学和感知基础
发音方便
 声学特征相似
 感知与心理

说话人
听话人
R音的演变机制
Constriction 1
Constriction 2