Patterns in American domestic Affairs

Roaring Twenties Great Depression 1950s Civil Rights 1960s

Unit 5

• List as many things about the 1920s • List as many things you can about the Great Depression • List as many things as you can about the 1950s • Who were some of the great Civil Rights leaders?

Roaring Twenties

• • • One of the most prosperous times in American history • Factors underlying prosperity – Rise of industrialization – Assembly line – Mass consumption and advertising • Women –

19 th Amendment

: women suffrage women’s right to – vote – More assertive

Flappers Harlem Renaissance

life in the 1920s was Harlem, NY. Jazz and art flourished here : the center of African-American

Great Migration

: The migration of African-Americans from the South to northern cities. Began after WW I, and increased in the 1920s

Roaring Twenties Problems

• • • • • Not everything was good

Red Scare

saw this as a communist revolution – This lead to arrest of radicals accused of – : in 1919, a wave of strikes hit America, many overthrowing the government

Sacco and Vanzetti

: immigrants accused of robbing and murder, found guilty and executed without sufficient evidence

Nativism

: a dislike for foreigners. The red scare will cause a rise in this

KKK

: Ku Klux Klan organization, who hate Africans, foreigners, Jews, and Catholics saw a revival in this racist’s

Immigration

: was restricted by Congress, they passed quotas based on percentages in 1921, 1924, and 1929

2006 OGT question

In the early 20th century, many African-Americans moved from the South to cities in the North. This “Great Migration” helped stimulate a flowering of artistic talent by African-Americans in New York known as the Harlem Renaissance. One way in which the Harlem Renaissance was significant was that it A. reduced racial tensions in the northern cities. B. led to a decline in activity by the Ku Klux Klan. C. led to a relaxation of restrictions on African-Americans in the South. D. contributed to the recognition of African-American culture.

2007 OGT question In the late 1800s, a population shift among African Americans began in the United States. Known as the “Great Migration,” this pattern of shifting population accelerated as a result of World War I and continued throughout the 1920s. • Describe the population shift involved in the “Great Migration.” • Explain how this migration produced an important change in the domestic affairs of the United States during the first three decades of the twentieth century. (4 points)

2006 OGT question Actions taken by organizations such as those shown in the photo above helped bring about A. the decision in

Plessy

v.

Ferguson

. B. the decision in

Brown

v.

Board of Education

. C. the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. D. the 26th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

The Great Depression

Causes of the Great Depression

•

Uneven Distribution of Wealth:

low wages Half of all Americans were poor. Farms and factories were productive but most people could not afford to buy anything because of •

Easy Credit:

Americans began buying things on the installment plan houses, cars, stock, etc… •

Imbalance in Foreign Trade:

so people would buy American products instead of foreign goods Congress passed tariffs •

Mechanization:

New technology was developed in factories and construction. The new technology produced more goods with less workers • Worksheet

The Nation’s Economy Crashes

Questions 1-5

CRASH

• • • •

Housing:

being built from 1926-1929, few houses were

Inventories:

in 1929, businesses were stock piling goods, three times higher than the previous years.

Joseph P. Kennedy:

times, he began selling his stock and made huge profits given the signs of the

Stock Holders:

speculation only 1.5 million Americans owned stock out of a population of 120 million. 650,000 people bought stock on margin or

Black Tuesday

• In early September 1929, stock prices peaked and then began to fall.

• On October 24, the market took a plunge, a lot of investors unloaded their shares but the worse was yet to come.

•

Black Tuesday:

buyers October 29, 1929, the bottom fell out of the market, a record 16.4 million shares were dumped and a lot could not find • People who bought on margin were stuck with huge debt and others lost most of their savings. By mid November, investors lost $30 billion.

Hoover Years

• • • • • Herbert Hoover was president from 1928-1932 • Economic conditions grew worse in America and the world

Businesses: Farms: Banks:

85,000 closed down 400,000 lost to foreclosures 6,000 banks closed, 25% of all the banks in the U.S.- wiping out 9 million savings accounts

Unemployment:

12,000,000 people will lose their jobs, which was about 25% of population • •

Welfare:

No system of direct relief

Women:

at first could find jobs, but as time goes on most Americans believe men should work •

Children:

Felt the hard times the worse, malnutrition rose •

Education:

schools shut down for lack of funds. They were only open for 60 days and in most districts women could not teach • Hoover believes that depressions were normal

Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

Republican Most Americans blamed him for the Depression 16 million votes

Franklin Roosevelt

Democrat Governor of New York Distant cousin of Teddy Roosevelt 23 million vote

FDR’ S NEW DEAL

• • • By the time Roosevelt became President in 1933, things were even worse.

New Deal:

FDR’s plan to get us out of the Depression

Bank Holiday:

first thing FDR did was close all the banks. The Treasury Department would check out all banks to see if they were sound, if not, they closed.

•

First Hundred Days:

Congress was called to special session, from March 9 to June 11, 1933. In these hundred days Congress passed more legislation than they usually pass in two years.

• It still was not enough, Americans were still not working.

• Worksheet

Roosevelt Faces a Difficult Challenge

Questions 1-10 and

The first Hundred Days set the Tone

Dust Bowl

From 1932 until 1936 Causes: – During the previous decade, farmers from Texas to North Dakota had used tractors to break up the grasslands and plant millions of acres of new farm land. – Farmers had then exhausted the land with overproduction of crops and the grasslands became unsuitable for farming.

– In 1932, a drought occurred in the Mid West United States.

– With no grass or trees the top soil was not protected.

– Everything dried up and turned to dust and blew away.

– Look at the map and picture on page 474 in text book.

– Video “Broke not Broken” (12 Minutes) – Pictures next two slides

Government Programs

• Social Security: In 1935, Congress passed it, as a pension plan for the elderly and death benefits for Children.

• Unemployment Act: It gave workers compensation for losing there job for a short period of time.

• Wagner Act: it changed the philosophy of the federal government from pro business to pro labor.

• Fair Labor Standards Act: set a minimum wage of 25 cents an hour, a 44 hour work week and children under the age of 16 were banned from working.

• Welfare: there was no welfare system in America during the Great Depression.

Typical American Family:

• Was not on welfare • 2 adults, 2 children • Husband worked • Wife was a homemaker • 6 or 4 room apartment • Fewer people got married • Fewer babies • 85% of population had a radio • Still went to the movie • Big bands become famous

Even though FDR tried a lot of new programs including the New Deal, which helped people get jobs, the only thing that truly got the U.S. out of the Depression was World War II

2008 OGT question

How did the U.S. government’s role in the economy change as a result of the Great Depression?

A. The federal government had a diminished role in regulating economic activity.

B. The federal government maintained the role it had in economic matters before the Great Depression.

C. The federal government expanded its role in regulating economic activity and promoting economic growth.

D. The federal government transferred its role in economic affairs over to the state governments.

Who are these people?

Dwight D. Eisenhower

• President from 1952 to1960 • One of the most prosperous times in American history • Entertainment • Civil Rights • Cold War • Vietnam

Suburbs

• Areas just outside cities • Began to grow after WW II • Developed inexpensive mass produced homes • Able to develop because of the automobile

Baby Boom

• From 1946-1964 • Americans were having more babies than any other time in U.S. history • In 1957 a baby was born every 7 seconds in the U.S.

Space Race

• 1957, the Soviet Union launched

Sputnik

: a satellite into to space using a missile • JFK promised to land a man on the moon by 1970 • John Glenn: 1962, first American to orbit the earth • Neil Armstrong” first man to step on the moon

2009 OGT Question

Which advance was largely responsible for the growth of suburbs in the United States in the mid-20th century?

A. the development of color televisions B. improvements in passenger airplanes C. widespread availability of automobiles D. the invention of the personal computer

• Cold War • The state of hostility, without direct military conflict, that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union after WW II • Two “Superpowers” • A-bomb: Nagasaki

• Containment • Truman Doctrine • The efforts of the U.S. to block the spread of Soviet influence any where in the world • U.S. Foreign Policy from 1950 – 1975 • Reason why U.S. gets involved in Cuba, Germany, Korea and Vietnam • President Truman will announce to the world that the U.S. will provide economic and military aid to any free nation threatened by communism

Hot “Spots”

– Germany • Berlin – Berlin Airlift – Berlin Wall – Korea • Korean War: North Korea attacks South Korea – Cuba • Fidel Castro – Bay of Pigs – Cuban Missile Crises – Vietnam

Berlin Airlift • After WW II Germany was divided into West Germany and East Germany • Berlin was also divided into East Berlin and West Berlin • East is Communist • West is Democratic • Communist East Germany did not like the idea of having a democratic city in a communist country so they blocked the railroads and highways letting nothing in or out. The U.S. and other NATO country flew food and supplies into West Berlin for 327 days

• Korea

Korean War

• After WW II, it was divided in half at the 38 th parallel. North Korea was communist and South Korea was democratic.

• In 1950, North Korea attacks South Korea • United Nations forces were called upon to protect South Korea; 90% were American troops • After two years of fighting the two sides called for an armistice • The countries are still divided at the 38 th parallel

• Eisenhower Doctrine • U-2 incident • A U.S. commitment to defend the Middle East against attack by any communist country • U-2 was a U.S. spy plane that could not be detected by radar • On May 1,1960 an U-2 plane flown by Francis Gary Powers was supposedly shot down over the Soviet Union • At first Eisenhower denied that the U 2 had been spying.

• The Soviet Union had evidence to prove it, including Powers admitting he was

• Joseph McCarthy

McCarthyism

• American Politician, who led a campaign against communists in the early 1950s • He accused various high ranking officials in the State Department of being communist • He continued to accuse people over the next 4 years, ruining a lot of peoples lives • Finally after accusing the Sec.of the Army of concealing foreign espionage activities, the Senate held an investigation where they found abuses in methods and censured him • His political career was ruined, but still remained in the Senate until his death in 1957

Plessy v. Ferguson

• In 1896 • U.S. Supreme Court ruled that “Separate but Equal” was constitutional • Lasted for 60 years

The Civil Rights Movement

• Rosa Parks

Civil Rights

• Brown v. Board of Ed • Martin Luther King Jr.

• Little Rock, Arkansas

Civil Rights

• What are Jim Crow Laws?

• Segregation laws in the South • Examples: White schools and Black schools White drinking fountains and Black drinking fountains • When did we end Jim Crow Laws?

Brown vs. Board of Education

• 1954-In Kansas, a black third-grader, Linda Brown, had to walk 1 mile to her black elementary school. While she lived 7 blocks away from a white elementary school. Her father tried to enroll her there, but the principal refused.

• The issue was taken to court. The Supreme Court required the desegregation of schools across the U.S.

• This case overturn Plessy v. Ferguson

Thurgood Marshall

• Thurgood Marshall was a civil rights lawyer.

• He presented more than 30 civil rights cases to the Supreme Court.

• He won 29 of his cases. One of his most recognized cases was Brown vs. Board of Education.

• Becomes the first African-American Supreme Court Justice

Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Started December 1, 1955.

• The blacks in Montgomery, Alabama decided to boycott the city buses until they could sit where they wanted and not have to move to the back when whites boarded.

• An important person involved in the Civil Rights Movement was

Rosa Parks

. She refused to give up her seat to a white in 1955.

Martin Luther King

• Martin Luther King was a strong worker for civil rights and was a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of colored people. • In 1955, he accepted the leadership of the first great Negro nonviolent demonstration of contemporary times in the U.S. It was called the Montgomery Bus Boycott. He was arrested and his home was bombed.

Cont.

• In 1957, King was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. He traveled over six million miles and spoke over 2,500 times.

• He later led a protest in Birmingham, Alabama that grabbed the attention of the entire world.

• He delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech in 1963.

Cont.

• He received a Nobel Peace Prize.

• King gave the prize money of $ 54,123 to the furtherance of the civil rights movement.

• Martin Luther King was assassinated on April 4, 1968.

Sit-Ins

• 1961-Sit-ins were when blacks would sit in segregated stores until they were served.

• At first, they had no effect. The blacks were not served, but not harassed either.

• On February 27, sit-in students in Nashville were attacked by a group of whites. The whites were released from the police, but the blacks were arrested and fined.

• The demonstrations showed that nonviolent actions could be very useful in the fight against segregation.

Freedom Rides

• 1961-To test the commitment of civil rights of the president, Kennedy, CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) proposed a “Freedom Ride.” • The “Freedom Ride” was a bus trip with a interracial group where the whites sat in the back and the blacks sat in the front.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Prohibited racial discrimination in hotels, restaurants, parks, theatres and other public accommodations • Prohibited discrimination because of race religion, national origin, and gender

OGT Question

What is one direct consequence of the U.S. civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s?

A. the right to freedom of religion for all citizens B. the end of legal segregation in public places C. the granting of citizenship to African Americans D. the passing of legislation to protect the accused

OGT Question

What was the effect of the passage of Jim Crow laws in the United States in the late 19th century? A. Racial segregation was required by law in southern states. B. Native Americans were moved onto reservations. C. Restrictions were placed on business monopolies. D. Women were denied the right to vote in national elections.

OGT Question

In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson persuaded Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act, which outlawed racial discrimination in public places, such as theaters, cafeterias and hotels. This was an attempt to A. maintain poll taxes for African-Americans. B. stop African-American northward migration. C. end segregation legalized by Jim Crow laws. D. segregate public busing in major American cities.

Counter-Culture

• Also known as the

Hippie movement

• Young white middle class college students • Dressed in bright colors, jeans, beads, and had long hair • Experimented in drugs • Liked listening to folk and Rock-n-Roll music • Also involved in the anti-war movement

Women’s Liberation Movement

• Women wanted economic and social equality • Many women were dissatisfied with being homemakers • National Organization for Women (

NOW

) – Wanted gender equality – Military academies, law schools, medical schools now except women – They opposed titles such as policeman and fireman – Betty Friedan helped by writing

“The Feminine Mystique”

– Wanted an Equal Rights Amendment

United Farm Workers (

UFW

)

• • Formed to help Mexican migrant farm workers

Cesar Chavez

was the founder – Helped unionize the farm workers – Organized boycotts

American Indian Movement (

AIM

)

• • Represented the views of Native Americans • At first confronted the government violently • Convinced Congress to pass laws for the right to

Self-Rule Russell Means

was an important leader

OGT Question

What was the perspective of women who founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966? A. Women wanted to receive equal pay and opportunities for advancement in the workplace. B. Women were afraid of being forced to work in physically challenging jobs. C. Women were angry at the prospect of having to serve in the military. D. Women wanted to gain the right to vote and to own property.

OGT Question

In the 1960s and 1970s, Hispanic-American farm workers in the United States believed their employers were failing to provide reasonable wages and working conditions like those received by other American workers. For this reason, Hispanic-American farm workers A. urged the exportation of agricultural produce. B. organized the United Farm Workers Association. C. encouraged farm producers to lower prices. D. opposed passage of anti-discrimination laws.