Transcript Morphology

Morphology, Part 3
HU2910
Fall 2009
WPF 18) Borrowing
(from foreign languages; sounds often
nativized to English pronunciation
rules)
rouge, hors d’oeuvres
tornado, taco
vodka
dandelion (from Fr. dents de lion)
Borrowing: whence & when?
Celts (~2500 BCE)
Romans (~50-450 CE)
Anglo-Saxons (449+)
Norsemen (700-900)
Normans [French] (1066…)
Latin & Greek [Renaissance] (1500+)
Colonial borrowings (1600+)
1000 Most Common English
Words
61.7% had Old English origins
(Anglo-Saxon-Northern Germanic)
30.9% French
2.9 % Latin
1.7% Scandinavian
1.3% mixed
0.3% Low German and Dutch
Borrowed into English

French: art, beauty, butcher, captain,
carpenter, cartoon, cattle, charity, chivalry,
color, county, design, dress, fork, govern,
lingerie, navy, painter, passion, reign, saint,
soldier, table, troops
Borrowed into English

French: art, beauty, butcher, captain,
carpenter, cartoon, cattle, charity, chivalry,
color, county, design, dress, fork, govern,
lingerie, navy, painter, passion, reign, saint,
soldier, table, troops

Latin: affidavit, animal, clerk, coaxial,
diet, fission, geography, logic,
memorandum, neutron, penicillin, posse,
priest, spectrum, sulfur, surgeon, veto
Borrowed into English

Scandinavian: skirt, sky, egg, gate, them,
their, they, thing, billow, by-law, clumsy,
doze, fiord, law, nag, outlaw, ski
Borrowed into English

Scandinavian: skirt, sky, egg, gate, them,
their, they, thing, billow, by-law, clumsy,
doze, fiord, law, nag, outlaw, ski

Greek: adenoids, botany, catastrophe,
comedy, dialogue, drama, episode,
osteopathy, pediatrics, physiology,
psychiatry, scene, telegraph, theater

Spanish: adobe, alfalfa, burro, bronco,
cafeteria, canyon, cargo, cockroach, coyote,
cigar, guerilla, mosquito, renegade, rodeo,
tornado, tuna, vanilla

Spanish: adobe, alfalfa, burro, bronco,
cafeteria, canyon, cargo, cockroach, coyote,
cigar, guerilla, mosquito, renegade, rodeo,
tornado, tuna, vanilla

Italian: attitude, balcony, fiasco, isolate,
motto, opera, piano, soprano, studio, tempo,
umbrella

Arabic:

Chinese

Indian (subcontinent) languages:

Arabic: alcohol, algebra, algorithm,
gazelle, giraffe, harem, lute, mosque, sultan

Chinese: tea, mandarin, serge, kowtow

Indian (subcontinent) languages:
khaki, bandanna, bungalow, calico, curry,
indigo, jungle, loot, pajama, sandal

Native American languages:

Yiddish:

Native American languages: hickory,
pecan, squash, chipmunk, skunk, caucus,
totem, mackinaw, tomahawk, igloo, kayak,
podunk

Yiddish: chutzpa, klutz, oy vey, schlep,
schmuck
Borrowed into English (later)

Dutch:

German:
Borrowed into English (later)

Dutch: bow, buoy, commodore, cruise,
curl, dock, freight, hops, keel, leak, lighter,
pump, scour, stripe

German: hum, loafer, noodle, ouch, poke,
delicatessen, frankfurter, pretzel,
kindergarten, wunderkind, schadefreude,
gesundheit
Anglo-Saxon & French doublets
Animal
Cow
Sheep
Pig
Chicken
Deer
Food
Anglo-Saxon & French doublets
Animal
Cow
Sheep
Pig
Chicken
Deer
Food
(< boeuf)
(< mouton)
(< porc)
(< poulet)
(< veneson)
Borrowed into Japanese
Animal
ushi ‘cow’
(Japanese)
Food
gyu-niku ‘beef’
(from Chinese)
Borrowed into Japanese
Animal
ushi ‘cow’
(Japanese)
Food
gyu-niku ‘beef’
(from Chinese)
But also:
gohan ‘rice’
___?___
(in a bowl, w/
chopsticks)
Borrowed into Japanese
Animal
ushi ‘cow’
(Japanese)
Food
gyu-niku ‘beef’
(from Chinese)
But also:
gohan ‘rice’
raisu ‘rice’
(in a bowl, w/
chopsticks)
(on a plate, w/ a spoon)
Nativization
(from foreign languages; sounds often
made to fit English sound rules)
Japanese: karaoke
original Japanese: [ka‰aok´]
either:
[k˙´®ioki]
[k˙\®oki]
Nativization
(from foreign languages; sounds often
made to fit English sound rules)
Japanese:
karate
[ka‰at´]
(note lack of aspiration)
American English:
[k˙\®a‰i]
Japanese phonotactics:
CVCV (+n)
Waado purosesaa
Jiinzu pantsu
Purofesho-naru resuringu
> waa puro
> jii pan
> _______
Sekusharu harasumento
___________________
> ________
> Rimo kon
Morphological reshaping
Dropping English inflections
 Kondensu miruku
 Sumo-ku sa-mon
 San garasu
 Pajama
 Furai pan
 Superu
Morphological reshaping
Adding Japanese endings
 Panic:
paniku-ru
 Sabotage:
sabo-ru
 Demonstration:
demo-ru
 Escalate:
esukare-to <suru>
 Fry:
furai <suru>
 Come-back
kamubakku <suru>
 Now:
nau-i
 Chic:
shikku-na