Transcript Morphology
Morphology, Part 2 HU2910 Summer 2011 Morphology & language types Analytic (Isolating) use unattached, separate morphemes no prefixes or suffixes (examples written in the International Phonetic Alphabet) from The Language Files by Ohio State U. (2004) Morphology: language typology Analytic (Isolating) use isolated morphemes no prefixes or suffixes e.g., Mandarin Chinese [wø m\n tan tçin l\ ] I PL. play piano PAST ‘We played the piano.’ Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Agglutinating - Fusional - Polysynthetic Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Agglutinating • affixes easily separated from base • each one has generally one meaning Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Agglutinating e.g., Hungarian [ø se:k- ´d ø ha:z-unk-bøn vøn] the chair-your the house-our- in is ‘Your chair is in our house.’ Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Fusional • affixes fused by phonological processes • not easily separated into separate forms or meanings Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Fusional e.g., Russian [tßita- j´t] read- 3/SG/PRES. ‘S/he is reading.’ Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Polysynthetic • several stems and affixes combined into one word • usually a verb + nouns • may = a whole sentence Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Polysynthetic e.g., Sora (India) [µ´n - \dΩ- dΩa] I dar- not receive cooked-rice si- \m hand you(sg.) ‘I will not receive cooked rice from your hands.’ How do we get new words? Create (based on internal resources) Beg, borrow, steal? English is very accepting of new words. Word formation processes (WFP) WFP 1) Affixation Derivational Inflectional unfaxable misfax faxed faxes faxing WFP 2) Zero Derivation (also called Conversion) Noun father butter ship nail > Derived Verb father WFP 3) Stress Shift Verb > subjéct contést survéy recórd Derived Noun súbject cóntest súrvey récord WFP 4) Compounding (may be with or without space or hyphen; note characteristic shift to first syllable stress) fire + fly / / > lady + bug > air + conditioner > self+determination > black + board > firefly / \ ladybug air conditioner self-determination blackboard WFP 5) Clipping (Note that class of word does not change: a Noun stays a Noun.) taxicabriolet professor mathematics > > > taxi, cab prof math WFP 6) Acronyms (pronounceable; contrast with alphabetic intitalizations: USA, RCA, IBM) NASA NATO radar sonar scuba WFP 6) Acronyms NASA: National Aeronautics & Space Administration NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization radar: RAdio Detection And Ranging sonar: SOund Naviation And Ranging scuba: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus WPF 7) Blends smoke + fog breakfast + lunch > > smog brunch “portmanteau” words from Lewis Carroll: gyre, gimble chortle < chuckle + snort WPF 8) Backformation (based on analogy, “folk etymology”: assumption that a shorter morpheme is contained within a longer word; usually a change of category) revision : revise :: television : _____ WPF 8) Backformation enthusiasm donation editor orientation > > > > enthuse donate edit orient (Brit. orientate) (Note: problem with current speakers: not knowing history of words) WPF 9) Onomatopoeia (iconic sounds; “Batman words”) whoosh bang buzz splat Cross-linguistic onomatopoeias Ideophone/phonosemantic WPF 10) Suppletion (irregular paradigm) go, went (not goed) WPF 10) Suppletion (irregular paradigm) go, went (not goed) < past tense of wend am, is, are, was, were WPF 11) Reduplication beri-beri, Walla Walla (but note more frequent change of one+ vowel or consonant sound in English) hum-drum, mumbo-jumbo helter-skelter, see-saw WPF 12) Eponyms (Proper Names) Caesar > kaiser, czar (tzar) boycott lynch watt guppy Sand+wich (n.) A narrow port or passage in the rink or course, flanked by the stones of previous players. (n.) A street; a village; a castle; a dwelling; a place of work, or exercise of authority; -- now obsolete except in composition; as, bailiwick, Warwick, Greenwick. WPF 13) Coinage (see especially product names) Kodak Exxon Brillo Jello WFP 14) Folk (false) etymology ham-burger (compare cheese-burger, taco-burger...) -aholic -gate -scam WFP 15) Alternation (Ablaut) (replacement of one V or C for another) Verb abide > sell breathe sing/sang/sung Derived Noun WFP 15) Alternation (Ablaut) (replacement of one V or C for another) Verb abide > Derived Noun abode sell sale breathe breath sing/sang/sung song WFP 16) Stranded Morpheme uncouth (no couth) inept (no ept) unkempt (no kempt) WPF 17) Borrowing (from foreign languages; sounds often nativized to English pronunciation rules) rouge, hors d’oeuvres tornado, taco vodka dandelion (from Fr. dents de lion)