Transcript Alternative energy sources

ENERGY
How to maintain our nowaday
lifestyle without destroying
the environmetn?
HOW ENERGY IS USED IN FINLAND
Industry
Heating of
buildings
Traffic
Others
A big part of the energy used in Finland is consumed
when heating buildings because the climate is so cold
during the winter.
WHAT FUELS ARE USED FOR PRODUCTION
OF ELECTRICITY AND HEATING?
Black liquor
Coal
Nature gas
Peat
Wooden fuels
Oil
Other energy sources
Other renewable
Other fossil fuels
Still nonrenewable sources such as coal and nature gas are important
for the electricity production in Finland.
TOTAL CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY IN
FINLAND 1970-2000
•Water power has been fully developed already for 30 years
•The using of wooden fuels and nuclear power has increased over this time
Net import of fuel
Others
Peat
Wooden fuels
Water power
Nuclear power
Nature gas
Coal
Oil
Situation open
YVA handling
Ready for YVA, not permitted
In consideration for permission
This picture
shows where use
of waste fuels is
in progress in
Finland.
 YVA is an
organisation that
studies environmental impact
assessment.

Chosen for permission
Legally permitted
BURNING TECHNIQUE
A Grate
K Gasification
L Fluidized Bed
? Still open
”FUELS OF THE FUTURE”
Bio fuels: ethanol, biodiesel
 Waste fuels: forest residues, shells, waste
sludges, chicken litter, meat and bone meal…
 New mixtures of fuels
 The problem with many bio fuels is that they
cause corrosion and fouling in the furnaces when
burning. Research is going on to eliminate these
problems.
 Wind power, solar power, district heating
 District heating use mostly non renewable fuels
today but the plan is to increase the amount of
renewable fuels in a near future.

GOALS FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION
The EU has undertaken to
 decrease the discharge of greenhouse
gases with 20 % from the 1990 level before
2020.
 Increase the share of renewable energy to
20 % in the whole union before 2020.
 Finland must assume its responsibility to
reach these goals
DISCUSSION
SIT IN GROUPS OF 3-5 PERSONS AND TRY TO FIND SOME
ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS BELOW.
What type of energy production do you think Finland
should develop/increase that would be the best for our
nature in the future?
 Would it be possible to use less energy than we do
today?
 Should we change the lifestyle we have today in some
way?

BIOFUELS
in use or planning to be used in Närpes.
DISTRICT HEATING
 is
a system for distributing heat generated in a
centralized location for residential and
commercial heating requirements such as space
heating and water heating.
 The
heat is often obtained from a cogeneration
plant burning fossil fuels but the use of biomass
is increasing, although heat-only boiler
stations, geothermal heating and central solar
heating are also used, as well as nuclear power.
 Generally,
a plant with district heating is
considered more efficient than traditional
fuel burning systems from an economic
and environmental point of view because
of
- more efficient use of the fuels
- less CO2 emissions in total

In 2008 a districtheating central,
Närpes fjärrvärme,
was built in Närpes.
Närpes fjärrvärmecentral


So far investments
have been made for
7,4 M€.
20 km of pipelines have
been built for about
100 subscribers in the
central parts of
Närpes.
District heating pipes
in Närpes
 The
boilers have a total effect of 19,5 MW.
For now 16,3 MW is sold.
 In
2008 the energy consumption of the
boilers was 24 MWh.
 Thermal
efficiency of the net is
87 %, of the boilers 90-92 %.
District heating 2 primary valves, direct
heating circuit, DHW
Unmixed heating 1 circuit
Domestic Hot Water precontrol, 2 pumps, 2 sensors
District heating 2 valves
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Initially peat has mostly been
used as fuel. Oil has been used
to a little extent .
In the future the company is
planning to use mostly local
energy crops.
Peat exploitation
During the first year heating
costs for the consumers were
reduced by 31 – 33 %
compared to using oil as fuel.
The energy price is now
( aug. 2009) 47,74 €/MWh.
Energy crops
BIO-ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE
POTATOES
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Ethanol fermented from
renewable sources for fuel or
fuel additives are known as
bio-ethanol.
Bio-ethanol production from
potatoes is based on the
utilization of waste potatoes.
Waste potatoes are produced
from 5-20 % of crops as byproducts in potato cultivation.
At present, waste potatoes are
used as feedstock only in two
plants in Finland.

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POTATOES
MASHING AND WASHING
It has a capacity of making
1,2 Ml of ethanol per year.
The fuel produced contains
85 % ethanol.
The investment costs were
1,2 M€.
The plant is totally automatic
and directed by computers.
There are no employees in
Närpes to run this plant.
STARCH HYDROLYSES
1. LIQUEFACTION
2. SACHARIFACTION
FERMENTATION
DISTILLATION
ETHANOL
ENZYMES
COOKING
CARBON DIOXIDE

In Närpes a plant was built in
2008 by manager Börje
Norrgård, who has a potato
refining plant in Närpes.
YEAST

OTHER ALTERNATIVE
ENERGY RESOURCES
geothermal, wind and sun
GEOTHERMAL HEAT
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
A geothermal heat pump or
ground source heat pump (GSHP)
is a central heating and/or cooling
system that pumps heat to or from
the ground.
It uses the earth as a source of
heat (in the winter), or as source of
cold (in the summer).
This design takes advantage of the
moderate temperatures in the
ground to boost efficiency and
reduce the operational costs of
heating and cooling systems.
A geothermal heat
pump
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Ground source heat pumps
harvest a combination of
geothermal power and heat
from the sun when heating, but
work against these heat
sources when used for air
conditioning.
Like a refrigerator or air
conditioner, these systems use
a heat pump to force the
transfer of heat. Heat pumps
can transfer heat from a cool
space to a warm space, against
the natural direction of flow, or
they can enhance the natural
flow of heat from a warm area
to a cool one.
Geothermal Heat Pump
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The core of the heat pump is a loop of refrigerant
pumped through a vapor compression
refrigeration cycle that moves heat. Heat pumps
are always more efficient than pure electric
heating, even when extracting heat from air.
Unlike an air-source heat pump, which transfers
heat to or from the outside air, a ground source
heat pump exchanges heat with the ground. This
is much more energy-efficient because
underground temperatures are more stable than
air temperatures through the year.
Seasonal variations decrease with depth and
disappear below seven meters due to thermal
inertia.
 The
setup costs are higher than for
conventional systems, but the difference is
usually returned in energy savings between 3
to 10 years.
 System
life is estimated to 25 years for inside
components and 50+ years for the ground loop.
 If
used on a large scale, this technology may
help alleviate energy costs and global
warming.
Dr Beata
Kępińska
our lecturer
at our visit
to Podhale
Geothermical
Plant in Poland.
Teachers from
Humbolec,
Limanowa,
Närpes and
Steyer together
with pupils from
Limanowa visit
Podhale
Geothermic
plant in Poland
in connection to
the IMSTmeeting in
Limanowa
05-09.10 2009.
 In
2003 a green house owner in Närpes
installed earth energy in his green house of
5000 m2. Totally 24 km of plastic pipes were
dug down into the ground. That´s the only big
project in Närpes so far.
 Last
year 32 new houses were built in Närpes.
Of these 15 use geothermal heat as their
energy source, most of them the rock heat
version.
I
.
NSTALLATION OF A GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP
Installation of a geothermal heat pump.
PLANS FOR THE
FUTURE
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In Kristinestad, neighbour town of
Närpes a project has started where
they plan to use phragmites and tule
as fuels.
Plans are also made to use bottom
sediments from dredging the sea.
Phragmites
Tule
In northern Ostrobothnia, reed
canary grass is used in for example
Ahlholmens kraftverk to produce
electricity.
Reed canary grass
 In
Vasa, plans have been
made this autumn to
build a biogas power
plant. If the plans are
realized it will be the
biggest powerplant of this
kind in the world.
 The
energy company
Vaskiluodon Voima seeks
permission to build two
carburetor factories. They
plan to gasificate bio fuels
and peat and thus reduce
use of bituminous coal.
The picture is from a power plant in
southern Finland. It uses garbage
from private households as fuel to
produce biogas.
WIND POWER

A wind turbine is a rotating
machine which converts the
kinetic energy in wind into
mechanical energy. If the
mechanical energy is used
directly by machinery, such as
a pump or grinding stones, the
machine is usually called a
windmill. If the mechanical
energy is then converted to
electricity, the machine is
called a wind generator, wind
power unit (WPU), or wind
energy converter (WEC).
LOCAL WIND PROJECTS:
 The
coastline of Ostrobothnia is very suitable for
wind turbines due to the wind conditions.
 Five
parks with totally 700 wind turbines are
planned to be ready by 2020, the first one in 2014 at
the earliest. In 2020 38 % of our energy resources
should come from renewable energy.
 In
Närpes a park of 30 turbins is planned in
Norrskogen with a total effekt of 90 – 150 MW. It
will need about 12 km2 of land. The distance
between the turbins will be about 500 m.
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In our
neighbouring
communities wind
parks are planned
to be built at sea,
12 km from the
coast.
The public opinion concerning these windprojects is
very divided amoung the locals. Many are in favour
of wind energy, but many are against the plans, too.
They think environmental values will be destroyed
and that the turbins will make too much noice .
SOLAR ENERGY
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Solar power is the result of
converting sunlight into
electricity.
Sunlight can be converted
directly into electricity using
photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly
concentrating solar power (CSP),
which normally focuses the sun's
energy to boil water which is
then used to provide power.
The largest solar power plants,
like the 354 MW SEGS, are
concentrated solar thermal
plants, but recently multimegawatt photovoltaic plants
have been built.
Aerial view showing portions
of four of the five SEG
(Solar energy generating
systems) III–VII plants
located at Kramer Junction.
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Completed in 2008, the
46 MW Moura
photovoltaic power
station in Portugal and
the 40 MW Waldpolenz
Solar Park in Germany
are characteristic of the
trend toward larger
photovoltaic power
stations.
Much larger ones are
proposed, such as the 550
MW Topaz Solar Farm,
and the 600 MW Rancho
Cielo Solar Farm.

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Solar power is a
predictably intermittent
energy source, meaning
that whilst solar power is
not available at all times,
we can predict with a very
good degree of accuracy
when it will and will not
be available.
Certain salts have a high specific heat capacity and can
deliver heat at temperatures compatible with
conventional power systems. They also have the
potential to eliminate the intermittency of solar power
by storing spare solar power in the form of heat and
using this heat overnight or during periods that solar
power is not available to produce electricity.
Basics.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkO7ioNUX
This technology has the
nw&feature=related
potential to make solar
power "dispatchable", as
How it´s made.
the heat source can be used http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brv43B_LKB
w&feature=related
to generate electricity at
will.
How it works.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8-6qxWmMWU
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How solarpanels work.
Solar power installations
are normally supplemented http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCLHl0FoTp0
&feature=related
by storage or another
energy source, for example
with wind power and
hydropower.
For many house owners,
solar power is a good
complement to fossil fuels.
EXCURSIONS WITH THE PUPILS

Our pupils will visit Närpes fjärrvärmecentral
(District heating central) and make aquaintance
to how it works.

Our pupils will visit Öjvind wind turbin.

Our pupils will visit Norrgård’s bio ethanol plant.
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Our exchange students will experiment with
solar power during the term.