Chapter 1 - Living in a Network

Transcript Chapter 1 - Living in a Network

Chapter 1 Living in a Network-Centric World

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Networks Supporting The Way We Live

• Data networks that were once the transport of information for businesses are now also used to improve our quality of life – – – – – – check bank balance and pay bills electronically find the least-congested route to a destination use instant messaging and chat for both personal and business use post and share your photographs, home videos and experiences shop and sell at online auctions use Internet phone services – obtain health information and nutritional advice Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Today’s Popular Communication Tools

• • • • Instant messaging (IM) – – real-time text communication between two or more users also supports voice, photo and video sharing, and file transfers Blogs or weblogs – individuals publish their personal opinions and thoughts about any conceivable topic – allow unfiltered and unedited publication of ideas from anyone Podcasting – website that contains audio files available for downloading Wikis – publicly created web content that groups of people can edit and view together – organizations and individuals build their own wikis to capture collected knowledge for use as collaboration tools Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Examples of Communication Tools

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Networks Supporting The Way We Learn

• Traditional learning methods make use of textbooks and instructor led classes • Courses delivered using networks or Internet resources are often called online learning experiences or e-learning • Online courses can contain voice, data and video – available to the students at any time from any place • Blended courses can combine instructor-led classes with online courseware to provide the best of both delivery methods Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Global Online Learning Experience

• • The instructor provides a syllabus and establishes a preliminary schedule for completing the course content The way we learn is supported by courseware delivered over the data network Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Learning by Sharing and Exploring

• • Students can communicate with the instructor and fellow students using online tools – bulletin/discussion boards, chat rooms and instant messaging Links provide access to learning resources outside the courseware Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Online Courseware Administration

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Benefits of Online Courseware

• Current and accurate training materials – collaboration among vendors, equipment manufacturers and training providers ensures that the courseware is up to date with the latest processes and procedures • Availability of training to a wide audience – online training is not dependent on travel schedules, instructor availability, or physical class size • Consistent quality of instruction – quality of instruction does not vary as it would if different instructors were delivering an in-person lesson • Cost reduction – facilities to support in-person training can be reduced or eliminated Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Networks Supporting The Way We Work

• • Business applications can be accessed remotely as if employees were on site Workers in any location can reach each other and access multiple resources on the network Copyright © 2008 Remote Access Version 4.0

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Networks Supporting The Way We Play

• • • • Explore places of interest interactively or preview actual destinations before a trip Posting photographs about an event online for others to view Participate in online games Preview motion pictures Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Basic Characteristics of Communication

• Rules or agreements to govern the conversation are first established – these rules, called protocols, must be followed in order for the message to be successfully delivered and understood • A message with important information may need a confirmation that the message has been received and understood • As a message moves through the network, many factors can prevent the message from reaching the recipient or distort its intended meaning – internal or external factors Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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External Factors

• The quality of the pathway between the sender and the recipient • The number of times the message has to change form • The number of times the message has to be redirected or readdressed • The number of other messages being transmitted simultaneously on the communication network • The amount of time allocated for successful communication Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Internal Factors

• • • The size of the message – it is more difficult to deliver a large bulky message, quickly and without damage, than it is to deliver a number of smaller, less complex messages The complexity of the message The importance of the message Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Four Elements of a Network

• • • •

Rules

or agreements to govern the messages are sent, directed, received and interpreted The

messages

or units of information that travel from one device to another A means of interconnecting these devices – a

medium

transport the messages from one device to another that can

Devices

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Rules

• Rules govern every step of the process, from the way cables are designed to the way the digital signals are sent • These rules are called protocols, e.g. TCP/IP protocol stack Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Messages

• • Message is a generic term that encompasses text, voice or video information The message must be converted to

bits

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Medium

Wireless connections Ch 1 - 18

• End-user devices – – – – desktop computer server notebook (or laptop) IP phone

Devices

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Common Data Network Symbols

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Non-Converged Networks

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Converged Networks

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Network Architecture

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Refers to the conceptual plans on which a physical network is built

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Must support a wide range of applications and services

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Four basic characteristics of the network architecture

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Fault Tolerance

• A fault tolerant network limits the impact of hardware or software failure – – recover quickly when a failure occurs depend on redundant links, or paths, between the source and destination of a message – redundant connections allow for alternate paths Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Circuit Switched Connection-Oriented Networks

• • • A physical, dedicated path or circuit is temporary setup between the source and destination The circuit is maintained for the duration of the call Early circuit-switched networks do not dynamically recover from drop circuits Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Packet Switched Connectionless Networks

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Scalability

• • A scalable network can expand quickly to support new users and applications without impacting the performance of the service being delivered to existing users Depends on a hierarchical layered design for the physical infrastructure and logical architecture Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Internet Structure

• • The Internet is a hierarchical structure of interconnected networks Many individual networks that provide Internet connectivity cooperate to follow accepted standards and protocols – new products can integrate with and enhance the existing infrastructure Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Quality of Service (QoS)

• • • QoS refers to the mechanism that manage congested network traffic Congestion is caused when the demand on the network exceeds the available capacity Some constraints on network resources cannot be avoided – technology limitations – – cost local availability of high bandwidth services Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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QoS Classification

• • Prioritize which types of data packets must be delivered at the expense of other types of packets that can be delayed or dropped – use queues to prioritize traffic Classify applications in categories based on specific quality of service requirements Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Prioritizing Network Traffic

• Delay-sensitive (or time sensitive) communication – increase priority for services like voice or video transmission • Delay-insensitive (or non-time sensitive) communication – decrease priority for web page retrieval or e-mail • High importance to organization – increase priority for business transaction data or production control • Undesirable communication – decrease priority or block unwanted activity such as gaming Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Security

• • • The Internet has become a widely accessible means of business and personal communications – the same environment that attracts legitimate business, however, also attracts scam artists and vandals Compromising the integrity of company assets could lead to serious business and financial repercussions Tools and procedures are being implemented to combat inherent security flaws in the network architecture Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Network Security Concerns

• Network infrastructure security – physical securing of devices that provide network connectivity and preventing unauthorized access to the management software that resides on them • Content security – protecting the information contained within the packets being transmitted over the network and the information stored on network attached devices – tools to provide security for the content of individual messages must be implemented on top of the underlying protocols Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Consequences of Security Breach

• Network outage causing a loss of communications and transactions occurring, with consequent loss of business • Misdirection and loss of personal or business funds • Theft of intellectual property such as project bids and strategic plans and used by a competitor • Exposure of confidential customer data, which may result in loss of market confidence in the business Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Security Measures

• • • Prevent unauthorized disclosure or theft of information – ensure confidentiality Prevent unauthorized modification of information – maintain communication integrity Prevent denial of service (DoS) – ensure availability Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability

• • • Ensuring confidentiality – – – allowing only the intended and authorized users to read the data a strong system for user authentication encrypting the content Maintaining communication integrity – data integrity is the assurance that the information has not been altered in transmission, from source to destination – source integrity is the assurance that the identity of the sender has been validated – using digital signatures and hashing algorithms Ensuring availability – resources are available to authorized users – – virus software and firewalls are used to combat virus and DoS attacks building fully redundant network infrastructures Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Trends in Networking

• • • Increasing number of mobile users – a demand for more mobile connectivity to data networks New and more capable devices – functions performed by cell phones, personal digital assistants, organizers and pagers are converging into single handheld devices with continuous connectivity to providers of services and content Increased availability of services – new services are introduced and older services are enhanced to meet user demands Copyright © 2008 Version 4.0

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Chapter 1 - Living in a Network

Transcript Chapter 1 - Living in a Network