Transcript 3.1 Morphemes

3
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Word Structure
3.1 Morphemes
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What is morpheme?
sun, book, fine, eat, well
Each is a morpheme.
3.1 Morphemes
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internationalization
inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation (5 parts)
Each is a morpheme.
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful
unit of a language.
3.1 Morphemes
Morpheme
Word
A morpheme is the
A word is the smallest
smallest meaningful unit free form of a
language…
of a language.
Morph
Morpheme
Allomorph
3.2 Morph, Morpheme
Allomorph
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bird /bə:d/, tree /tri:/, green /gri:n/
BUT
plural morpheme {s}
cats /s/, bags /z/, matches /iz/
3.2 Morph & Morpheme
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plural morpheme {s}
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cats, bags, matches
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{s}
{es}
morph
morph
morpheme
3.2 Morph & Allomorph
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plural morpheme {s}
cats /s/, bags /z/, matches /iz/
/s/
/z/
/iz/
allomorph
morph
morph
morph
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past tense morpheme {ed}
worked, helped
tried, lived
wanted, landed
3.2 Morph & Morpheme
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past tense morpheme {-ed}
helped lived wanted
{d}
{ed}
morph
morph
morpheme
3.2 Morph & Allomorphs
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past tense morpheme {-ed}
helped lived wanted
/t/
/d/
/id/
morph
morph
morph
allomorph
3.2
Morph\Morpheme/Allomorphs
Morpheme is a class of orthographical
forms.
Allomorph is a class of phonological forms.
A member of either class is a morph.
Morphs make up morpheme or allomorph.
3.3 Types of Morphemes
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1. Free morphemes and bound
morphemes
sun, book, fine, eat, well
internationalization
inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation
sun, book, fine, eat, well, nation
free
bound
inter- -al -ize -ation
3.3 Types of Morphemes
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Root
sun, book, fine, eat, well, nation = root
Affix: prefix suffix
inter- -al -ize -ation = affix
prefix
intersuffix
-al -ize -ation
3.3 Types of Morphemes
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antecedent: ante-, -ced-, -ent
ante- = before
(prefix)
-ced- = go to, approach (bound root)
-ent = person, thing
(suffix)
prediction: pre-, dict-, -ion
pre- = before
(prefix)
-dict- = speak
(bound root)
-ion = action, process (suffix)
3.3 Types of Morphemes
free
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root
bound
prefix
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Affix
suffix
bound
3.3 Types of Morphemes
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2. Derivational and inflectional M
Root: sun, book, fine, eat, well
(internationalization)
inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation
Root: nation
Affix: inter- -al -ize -ation
derivational
3.3 Types of Morphemes
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lives
goes
He is working.
wanted
poorer
poorest
books
oxen
-s
-es
-ing
-ed
-er
-est
-s
-en
inflectional
3.3 Types of Morphemes
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Summary:
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free
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M
root
root
prefix
derivational
bound
affix
suffix
inflectional
3.3 Types of Morphemes
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3. Content and grammatical M
content M = derivational M
roots & affixes used to create new
words
grammatical M ≠ inflectional M
(but) inflectional M + functional
words
3.4 Identifying Morphemes
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pre-urbanization
/pre-/urban/iz/ation
unfriendliness
/un/friend/li/ness
4M
4M
3.4 Identifying Morphemes
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BUT
teacher – er = person
laser – er ?
tower – er ?
cleaner – er = sth and person
trailer – er = vehicle
The same form may not be the same
morpheme, with the same meaning.
3.4 Identifying Morphemes
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strawberry 草莓
cranberry 越橘
huckleberry 越橘
straw- = no meaning
cran- = no meaning
huckle- = no meaning
berry = not productive
3.4 Identifying Morphemes
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flame, flare, flash, flicker
fl- :
moving light
glare, gleam, glow, glisten
gl- :
static light
slippery, slick, slide, slime
sl- :
light and slippery wetness
fl- gl- sl- ≠ morphemes
3.4 Identifying Morphemes
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desks glasses oxen
-s -es -en = plural
man—men foot—feet sheep—sheep
loved landed
-d -ed = past tense
go—went
teach—taught
problematic
3.5 Root, Stem, Base
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root: 1. cannot be further divided
2. carries the fundamental meaning
touch = root
3.5 Root, Stem, Base
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stem: 1. the part that remains after
removing inflectional affix or
2. the part which can
take inflectional affix
touches touched touching
touch
= root, stem
touch+able s
= stem
un+touch+able s = stem
3.5 Root, Stem, Base
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base: the part that can take affix of any
kind (derivational or inflectional)
touch + -es/-ed = root, stem, base
touchable + -s = stem, base
untouchable + -s = stem, base
Summary
1. Morpheme
Free Morpheme
2. Morphs and Allomorphs Bound Morpheme
3. Classifying Morphemes
4. Identifying Morphemes
Derivational M
Inflectional M
Content M
Grammatical M
5. Morpheme and Word-formation
END