Transcript Slide 1

—k]|dl;+x a:Goft,
PhD
[email protected]
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cfwfl/t 5 .
k|:t'tLs/0fdf pNn]v ul/g] egfO{n]
Oltxf;nfO{ lhjfGt agfpg] dfq xf] .
ltJjtL z/0ffyL{ nufotnfO{ cgfbf/
ul/g] xf]Og .
k|:t'tLs/0fsf] ;a} cf+s8f / laj/0f
k|:tf]tfsf] OR5faf6 vf]lhPsf x'g\ .
cGo ;+3 ;+:yf o;df hjfkmb]xL x'g]
5}gg\ .
k|:t'lts/0fsf] >f]t
ltJatsf s]
bnfO{
xf] nfdf
vDkfefu]/
sf08ef/t
< uPkl5
la=;+= @)@*
-;g\ !*&!_ lt/ ltAatdf
lrlgof+ sf/jfxL cem} a9\g uof] /
;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf la/f]wL s]xL vDkfx?
ltAataf6 efuL g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]u lxdfnL
;Ldfgf;+u hf]l8Psf lhNnfdf cfO a:g
yfn] . pgLx?n] g]kfndf a;L ltAatLsf]
kIfdf :jtGq ultlalw ;+~rfng ug{ ;'? u/] .
of] sfo{ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o gLltcg's"n
gePsf] x'+bf g]kfnn] tL vDkfx?nfO{
;}lgs sf/jfxL ubf{ s]xL JolQm d/], s]xL
JolQm efu], s]xL JolQmn] xft xltof/;lxt
g]kfndf vDkf kmf}h ;+ul7t
k[i7e"ld
Nxf;fsf] x'g'sf]
ljG6/ Kofn];
cyf{t kf]tfnf
b/af/d'lGt/sf] ;/sf/L 5fkfvfgfdf a;]sf]
a}7sn] ltAat :jtGq b]z ePsf] 3f]if0ff
ub}{ lrlgof+x?nfO{ tTsfn ltAat 5f]8\g
pbL{ hf/L u/\of] . tgfj a9\b} hf+bf !^
dfr{ !(%( df s]xL cg'ofoL;lxt bnfO{
nfdf l;kfxLsf] e]ifdf ltAat 5f]8]/ ef/t
z/0f lng k'u] . la8Dagf ltAatsf] Tof]
tgfj g]kfn / g]kfnLn] eg] To;kl5sf !$
aif{;Dd
vDkf
lab|f]xsf
?kdf
em]Ng'k¥of] .
g]kfndf
vDkf
kmf}h
;+ul7t
tfKn]h'ªb]lv bfr'{nf;Dd rLgla?4 rnfPsf]
c;kmn ;+3if{
lyof]
—vDkf lab|f]x .
x'g'sf]
k[i7e"ld
cd]l/sf / ef/tsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt
lab|f]x bjfpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ c;lhnf]
k/]sf] lyof] . cd]l/sL u'Ktr/ ;+:yf
;LcfOPn] $) aif{kl5 ;fj{hlgs u/]sf]
cfkm\gf] u'Kt of]hgfsf] ;+If]knfO{
p4[t ub]{ !% ;]K6]Da/ !((* sf] n; PGhN;
6fO{D;df n]lvPcg';f/ g]kfn k7fOPsf
ltAatL u'l/Nnfx?nfO{ tflnd lbg
sf]nf]/f8f] /fHodf ;LcfOPn] ltAatLog
xfpg g} agfPsf] lyof] . ;g !(%& af6} ;'?
cd]l/sL u'Ktrt/;xof]u
;+:yf ;LcfO{Pn] cGo
vDkf lab|f]xLnfO{ tflnd lbg ef/tLo
u'Ktr/ ;+:yfx? OG6]lnh]G; Jo'/f]
cfO{jL_ / kl5 …/Ú ;+u ldn]/ ef/t,
b]x/fb'gsf] rqmftf eGg] :yfgdf klg
……:6flAn;d]G6 @@Æ k|lzIf0f lzlj/
;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . bnfO{ nfdf /
g]kfndf kl/rflnt vDkfx?nfO{ tflnd /
xftxltof/sf cnfjf cGo
vr{sf nflu
;LcfOPn] x/]s aif{ !& nfv cd]l/sL 8n/
lbg] u/]sf] lyof] . h'g ;xof]u ;g\ !(&@
df l/r8{ lgS;g cd]l/sL /fi6«klt ag]kl5
vDkf n8fs'x?sf]
g]kfn
k|j]z
;g\
!(^)
sf]
;xof]u===
cGTolt/ ePsf] a'lemG5 . klxnf] d'Vo
vDkf sdf08/ u] lx:;L lyP . ef/tsf] /S;f}n
gfsfaf6 g]kfn lelqg nfu]sf lx:;L;lxtsf sl/j
@ ;o vDkfnfO{ aL/uGhsf tTsfnLg
a8fxflsd k"0f{l;+x vjf;n] ;]gf / k|x/L4f/f
lgoGq0fdf lnPsf lyP . t/, tTsfnLg g]kfnL
sf+u]|;
;/sf/sf
u[xdGqL
;'o{k|;fb
pkfWofosf] cfb]zadf]lhd pgLx?nfO{ l/xf
ul/of] . pkfWofon] ef/tsf] cfu|xdf g]kfn
k|a]zdf 5'6 lbPsfn] ltAatL z/0ffyL{sf]
cf]O/f] nfu]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(^! ;Dd t tL
;'?df vDkf lab|f]xLx?sf] ;+Vof sl/j @ xhf/
;xof]u===
/x] klg To;sf]
b'O{ tLg aif{d} Tof] a9]/
sl/a !) xhf/ k'u]sf] lyof] . tL vDkfx?sf
nflu cfjZos cTofw'lgs xltof/, vfBfGg
;fdu|L, ;LcfOP / …/Ú n] oyf:yfgd}
k'¥ofp+y] . tL ;fdfu|Lx? vf;u/L d':tfªsf]
of/km', 6f+u]e' / k"j{sf cfnfªr'ªuf]nfsf]
ofªdf v;flnGy] . o; cltl/Qm xltof/ 9'jfgLsf
nflu ;LcfO{Pn] /fhwfgLsf] :o'rf6f/ /
/;'jfsf] yfDa'r]tdf cnUu} ladfg:yn;d]t
agfPsf] lyof] . oL If]qdf xltof/ cf];fg{sf
nflu yfONofG8sf] Jofª\ssl:yt cd]l/sL ;}Go
cv8faf6 leotgfd o'4tfsf ;LcfO{Pn] hf;';L
ef/t / cd]l/sL efjgf
rLg —ef/t o'4 -;g\ !(^@_ df ef/tsf]
xf/ ePb]lvg} ef/tn] ltAatLx?nfO{
rLgla?4 k|of]u ug{ d2t ul//x]sf] lyof]
eg] ;f]leot ;+3sf] a9\bf] zlQmaf6 ql;t
sDo'lgHd 5fnnfO{ /f]Sg] k|of;nfO{
afwf ug]{ p2]Zon], ;g\ !(&! af6
cd]l/sfn] klg rLgla?4 k|of]u ug{
vDkfnfO{ ;xof]u ub}{ lyof] .
vDkfx?n] g]kfndf
g]kfnL e"lddf
klg HofbtL
cft+s
ub}{ lyP . cfw'lgs xltof/n] ;';lHht
vDkfx? pQ/L ;Ldfdf cjl:yt g]kfnL
clwsf/Lsf sfof{nodf cfP/ laleGg pbL{
hf/L uy]{ / To; a]nfsf k|zf;sx? pgLx?sf]
cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug{ afWo x'Gy] .
x'+bfx'+bf rLgla?4 ;+3if{/t vDkfx?n]
pQ/L ;Ldfdf /x]sf g]kfnsf lhNnf;d]t
cfkm\gf] /x]sf] bfjL ug{ yfn] . tL If]qdf
cfkm\gf em08fsf ;fy} /fi6«kltsf ?kdf
bnfO{ nfdfsf] tl:a/ em'08\ofp+y] . olt
x'+bf x'+b} klg :yfgLo ;/sf/ eg] df}g
vDkfx?sf lqmofsnfkaf/] rLg /
g]kfn
lgjf{l;t ltAatLx?
a]nf
a]nfdf
ltAatL
e"lddf
hfg]
;/sf/sf] ;Demf}tf
/ Toxfsf rf}/L, ofs / e]8f dfg]{, vfg], n'6kf6
dRrfp+g], k;n hnfpg], dflg; dfg]{, anfTsf/
ug]{ cflb sfo{ kmf6\6km'6\6 ul//x]sf lyP .
To;avt rLg ;/sf/n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ kqfrf/ u¥of]
. b'a} ;/sf/aLr vDkf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{
;Demf}tf eof] . ;Demf}tfdf lgDglnlvt s'/fx?
;dfa]z ul/Psf] a'lemPsf] 5 M
• l;dfgfdf /x]sf] vDkfx?nfO{ sf/jfxL ug{
rLgnfO{ g]kfn k|a]z ug{ lbg] jf glbg] <
• g]kfnn] g} vDkf lgd"{n kfg]{ eP cfjZos
vDkfx?sf lqmofsnfkaf/] rLg /
of] ;Demf}tf
ePkl5 >L;Demf}tf
% sf] ;/sf/sf]
g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
of]hgf / tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfklt >L
l;+xaxfb'/
a:Goftsf]
cfb]zadf]lhd
g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 vj/ ;+sng -l/sg;]G;_ ug{
t'?Gt} Pp6f …l/sg;]G; l6dÚ d':tfªtkm{
lx8\of] . ;f] l6ddf g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
tkm{af6
tTsfnLg
k|=;]=-kl5
k|wfg;]gfklt_ >L ;lTrt zD;]/ h=a=/f=sf
;fy cGo b'O{ clws[t s];fªtkm{ d'e ePsf]
lyof] . pQm 6f]nLn] vDkf SofDkx?sf]
ultlalw a'em]/ k|lta]bg k]z u/]sf] lyof]
k|ltj]bgsf
df]6fdf]6L
a'+bfx?
 vDkf lxdfn gf3]/ ltAataf6 cfO{ laleGg :yfgdf
sl/j ( xhf/ hlt a;]sf .
 pgLx?;+u k|z:t xltof/, uf]nL u7\7f /
PS:Knf]l;ex? ePsf] .
 pgLx?sf] d'Vo x]8Sjf6/ lgnlu/L lxdfnsf]
km]bLdf s];fª SofDk /x]sf] .
 u]—jfªbL gfd u/]sf] JolQm vDkfsf] d'Vo g]tf
-ln8/_ ePsf] .
 cGo vDkf SofDkM sfua]gL, l7gL, 5';fª, ;d/
lwlnª, wdL, ;fDbf, r/fª, tfªu]Eo', kfªuRof, dgfª,
d'lQmgfy cflb :yfgdf SofDk v8f u/L a;]sf .
 pgLx?n] ltAat / g]kfnsf laleGg 7fp+df
vDkfn]
g]kfndf
cfGbf]ng
 d':tfª lhNnf
cfkm\gf]
sAhf ugf{sf
lng] /
u'l/Nnf a]; agfO{
cft+sjfbaf6 rLgnfO{
sf/0fx?
xtf]T;flxt t'Nofpg] tyf rLgsf] :jzfl;t
If]q ltAatnfO{ k'gM cfkm\gf] sAhfdf
kfg]{ .
 g]kfnn] vDkfx?nfO{ lgz:qLs/0f u/fpg]
sbd rfn]df g]kfnla?4 lab|f]x ug]{ . -kl5
g]kfnL ;]gfn] sf/jfxL ub}{5 eGg] yfxf
kfP/ :yfgLo hgtfsf] egfOcg';f/ bnfO{
nfdfn] g]kfn;+u n8\g cfkm\gf]
;Daf]wg;lxt 6]k e/]/ vDkfx?nfO{
k7fPsf lyP . tfklg slt vDkfx?n] g]kfnL
vDkf ck]|;g–d':tfª k|mG6
vDkf lgz:qLs/0fsf nflu g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
/fhf aL/]Gb|sf] kxntf / >L % sf] ;/sf/sf]
of]hgf
cfb]zaf6 d':tfªdf ePsf vDkfx?nfO{
zflGtk"0f{ lgz:qLs/0f u/fO{ ltgLx?nfO{
kf]v/f cf;kf;df Nofpg] / pQm e]utkm{
hfg lgif]w ug]{ cfb]z ePsf] lyof] .
;f]xLcg';f/ sfo{ ;Dkfgsf] lglDt s]xL
kN6gnfO{ g]kfnL h+uLc8\8faf6 tof/
ug{sf nflu @)#! ;fn cfiff9 ! ut]
kf]v/ftkm{ d'e u/fOof] . vDkf
lgz:qLs/0f ck/]zgdf sfd ug{ d'Vo ?kdf
;f]
u0fsf]
g]t[Tj
tTsfnLg
n]lkm\6g]G6
s0f]{n >L
;lTrtzdz]/
vDkf
ck]|;g—d':tfª
k|mG6===
h=a=/f=n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;f] u0f
nufot pQm ck/]zgdf efu lng] o'lg6
lgDg cg';f/ lyP M
– >L >Lgfy u0f -d'Vo kmf}h_
e}/jgfy u0f
– >L
– >L u0f]zbn u0f
OGb|Wjh u'Nd
–
>L
– >L rGbggfy u'Nd
/fhbn u0f
–
>L
– >L sfnLk|;fb u0f
– >L
u]—jfªubLnfO{
a'emfpg
s];fªdf o;/L laleGgxltof/
kmf}hnfO{
t}gfy
ul/;s]kl5 vDkfsf cfb]z
gfOs] u]—jfªubLnfO{
xltof/ a'emfpg] / cfTd;dk{0f ug]{, olb
gug]{ xf] eg] g]kfnL ;]gf sf/jfxL ug{ tof/
5' egL kq k7fPkl5 vDkfsf gfOs] u]—
jfªubLn] xfdL xltof/ a'emfO{ cfGd;dk{0f
ug{ tof/ 5f} egL kqaf6 hjfkm lbP . xltof/
a'emfpg] ldlt @)#! ;fn ;fpg % ut]af6 ;'?
ug]{ elgPsf]df vdkfx?n] g} yk ;do dfuL
;fpg !! ut] a'emfpg] lgwf] eof] . cem} klg
vDkfn] ;do yk dfUof] / ;fpg !^ ut] /ftsf]
@ h] ;a} xltof/ a'emfpg] dGh'/L eof] .
xltof/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg ef/taf6
@)#! ;fn >fj0f !& ut], s];fª SofDk vfgtnf;L ubf{
3]/f / tnf;L
hldgd'lg ufl8 /flvPsf laleGg xltof/, PDo'lgzg
a/fdb u/L hf]d;f]dl:yt g+= # aflxgL d'Vofnodf
NofO{ a'emfOof] . ef]lnkN6 ;Dk"0f{ ;]gf d'e
eO{ 5';fª, / ;d/ SofDk s8{g / ;r{ sfo{ k"/f u¥of] .
To;kl5 qmdzM lwlnª, wlddf ;r{ eof] / vDkf
gfOs] u]—jfªubLnfO{ 3]/fdf kfg{ g;sL pDs] .
To;kl5 aflxgLkltnfO{ k|lta]bg u/L s] ug]{ egL
lgb]{zg dfUbf aflxgLkltn] gdfg]{, gy'Gg] eGg]
cfb]z lbg'ePsf] a'lemof] . p;sf] SofDksf] xltof/,
uf]nLu7\7f cfkm\gf] sAhfdf lnOof] . ;f]xL !&
ut]s} a]n'sL ( ah] /flt k'gM u]—jfªubLnfO{
g5f]8\g] cfb]z eof] . t/ gfOs] u]—jfªubL s8{g
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vDkf gfOs] u]—jfªubLn] s];f+u
SofDkdf a:g' pko'Qm 5}g eGg] 7fgL
cfkm\gf] %)—^) hgfsf] hTyf;lxt xltof/
/ nfvf}+ ?k}of+ lnP/ klZrdtkm{sf]
5fsf{ef]6, lkm08'kf;, ;]kmf]S;'08f],
lgzfg, d'u', l;ldsf]6 of/L, l69\8/lnk'sf]
af6f] x'+b} ef/tleq k:g] of]hgf agfO{
af6f] nfu] .
s};fªaf6
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aflxgLcGtu{t ePsf] ck/]zg o'4sfo{
lgb]{zsaf6 jflg{ª c8{/ hf/L ePkl5
la=;+= @)#! efb| !% ut] ;'? P]= c;f]h
!& ut] ;dfKt ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnu~haf6
a}t8Ldf la|u]8 6\oflS6sn x]8Sjf6/ v8f
u/L >L g++= $ aflxgLklt a[u]l8o/ hg/n
>L cflbTozDz]/ h=a=/f=n] ck/]zg
;+rfng ug'{eof] . of] ck/]zg ;+rfng
ug{sf nflu la=;+= @)#! efb| !( ut]
kmi6 /}kmn u0f, clx|bdg u'Nd,
vDkf ck/]zg l6ªs/ k|mG6===
la=;+= @)#! efb| @! ut] kmf}hsf]
t}gfyL lgDg cg';f/ lyof] M
 sfjfdfnfdf
#) hgf -g]kfnL ;]gf_
 l6ªs/ ufp+
!) hgf -g]kfnL ;]gf_ /
s]xL k|x/Lsf
hjfgx?
 lnk'
@) hgf -g]kfnL ;]gf_
 /f]Nkf
!@ hgf g]kfn k|x/Lsf
hjfg
la=;+=@)#!
efb|
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ut]
lnk'
lnk'sf] sf/jfxL
e~Hofªsf] tnaf6 3f]8f, vRr8;lxtsf]
vDkfx?sf] ;d"x cfO/x]sf] b]lvPsf] x'gfn]
PDa';sf] tof/L ul/of] . ha vDkfx?sf] tftL
-sf]nd_ PDa'; Onfsfdf k|a]z u¥of],
pgLx?dfly kmfo/ vf]lnof] . o; kmfo/df
jfªubL;lxt ^ hgf vDkfx? dfl/P / 3fOt]
vDkfx? kqmfp ul/P . o; kmfo/af6 s]xL
3f]8f tyf vRr8x? klg dfl/P . kmfo/
vf]Ng]lalQs} cufl8 a9L/x]sf] vDkfx?sf]
kmf}hn] PDa';df k/]sf] yfxf kfP /
ltgLx?n] klg ;fgf tyf d2tL xltof/ -
lnk'sf] sf/jfxL
lbge/ Jnlsª kmf}h / jLy8«n ul//x]sf]
vDkfx?sf aLr bf]xf]/f] kmfo/ eof] .
a]n'sLkv vDkfx?n] kmfo/ PG8 d'e ub}{
Jnlsª Onfsf lnk'af6 k5fl8 x6L lrlgof+
e"ld x'+b} ef/t k|a]z u¥of] . 36gfsf]
csf]{ lbg 36gf:yn j/k/ vf]htnf; sf/jfxL
;~rfng ul/of], h;af6 s]xL gub, d'tL{,
un}rf, xltof/ tyf s]xL uf]nL u7\7fx?
k|fKt eof] .
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l;sg]; / ! hgf eL/af6 n8]/_
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