Transcript Hein van den Berg

Citeology
Computationele
Ideeëngeschiedenis
Hein van den Berg | arianna betti | ILLC | Amsterdam
Wat achtergrond, en dan
Onderwerpen
•  Modelleren van ideeën
•  corpus selectie
•  ‘modelleren’
Achtergrond | Modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
In de zomer is het warmer dan in de winter
Thermometers staan hoger in de zomer dan
in de winter
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
In de zomer is het warmer dan in de winter
Volgt uit
Thermometers staan hoger in de zomer dan
in de winter
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
In de zomer is het warmer dan in de winter
Volgt uit
Thermometers staan hoger in de zomer
dan in de winter
JA
In de zomer is het warmer dan in de winter
Volgt uit
Thermometers staan hoger in de zomer dan
in de winter
JA
Nee
truthpreservation
Verklaring
In de zomer is het warmer dan in de winter
Volgt uit
Thermometers staan hoger in de zomer dan
in de winter
JA
Nee
Bolzano
Bernard Bolzano
Wissenschaftslehre
(1837)
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
Lovejoy
Arthur O. Lovejoy
The Great Chain of
Being (1936)
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
Bolzano
De eerste die een
duidelijk onderscheid
maakte tussen truthpreservation en
verklaring was
Bernard Bolzano, in
1837, in de
Wissenschaftslehre
(Betti 2010, Roski
2014)
Bernard Bolzano
Wissenschaftslehre
(1837)
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
CLOSE
Historisch Conceptuele
READIng contextualiseren analyse
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
Mountain
CLOSE
Historisch Conceptuele
READIng contextualiseren analyse
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
Mountain
17
miljoen
Boeken tussen 1700 en 1900
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
a science is, as we know, grounded knowledge,
i.e. explanation or proof (in the pointed sense).
Essential unity among the truths of a single
science is unity of explanation. But all explanation
points to a theory, and has its goal in the
knowledge of the basic laws, the principles of
explanation. Unity of explanation means
therefore, theoretical unity, which means, on
what was said above, homogeneous unity of
legal base, and lastly, homogeneous unity of
explanatory principles.
(Husserl 1900-01)
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
text is gobbledygook unless the reader possesses an
interpretative framework to breathe meaning into it
(Anderson 1977)
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
restaurant schema
I.  Entering
Customer goes to restaurant
Finds a place to sit
-  Seats self
-  Seated by hostess
-  Hostess asks, “How
many?”
-  Customer says. “One”
Customer sits at table
II. Ordering
Customer receives a menu
Reads it
Decides what to order
Waiter takes order
Waiter sees customer
Waiter goes to customer’s table
Customer places order
Chef cooks the meal
Grow1996:ServingtheStrategicReader
IV. Exiting
Customer asks waiter for check
Waiter brings check
Customer leaves a tip
Size of tip depends on service
Customer pays
Gives money to waiter or
cashier
Customer leaves the restaurant
III. Eating
After some time, waiter brings meal
Customer eats meal
Meal may come in several
courses:
Appetizer
Salad
Main Course
Dessert and coffee
Certain forks go with certain courses
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
a science is, as we know, grounded knowledge,
i.e. explanation or proof (in the pointed sense).
Essential unity among the truths of a single
science is unity of explanation. But all explanation
points to a theory, and has its goal in the
knowledge of the basic laws, the principles of
explanation. Unity of explanation means
therefore, theoretical unity, which means, on
what was said above, homogeneous unity of
legal base, and lastly, homogeneous unity of
explanatory principles.
(Husserl 1900-01)
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
Axiomatische Wetenschap Schema
’The Classical Model of Science’ (Betti & de Jong 2010; Smid 2016)
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
" Euclid´s
Elements
(ca. 300 BC)
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
Axiomatische
Wetenschap Schema
In a proper science:
.
.
(3a) Some statements are fundamental
(3b) All non-fundamental statements S follow from (are
grounded in or are provable or demonstrable)
from fundamental statements.
(4)  All statements are true.
.
.
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
(de Jong & Betti 2010)
a science is, as we know, grounded knowledge,
i.e. explanation or proof (in the pointed sense).
Essential unity among the truths of a single
science is unity of explanation. But all explanation
points to a theory, and has its goal in the
knowledge of the basic laws, the principles of
explanation. Unity of explanation means
therefore, theoretical unity, which means, on
what was said above, homogeneous unity of
legal base, and lastly, homogeneous unity of
explanatory principles.
(Husserl 1900-01)
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
3b
a science is, as we know, grounded knowledge, i.e.
explanation or proof (in the pointed sense). Essential
unity among the truths of a single science is unity of
explanation. But all explanation points to a theory, and
has its goal in the knowledge of the basic laws, the
principles of explanation. Unity of explanation means
therefore, theoretical unity, which means, on what was
said above, homogeneous unity of legal base, and
lastly, homogeneous unity of explanatory principles.
(Husserl 1900-01)
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
3b
a science is, as we know, grounded knowledge, i.e.
explanation or proof (in the pointed sense). Essential
unity among the truths of a single science is unity of
explanation. But all explanation points to a theory, and
has its goal in the knowledge of the basic laws, the
principles of explanation. Unity of explanation means
therefore, theoretical unity, which means, on what was
said above, homogeneous unity of legal base, and
lastly, homogeneous unity of explanatory principles.
(Husserl 1900-01)
4
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
3b
a science is, as we know, grounded knowledge, i.e.
explanation or proof (in the pointed sense). Essential
unity among the truths of a single science is unity of
explanation. But all explanation points to a theory, and
has its goal in the knowledge of the basic laws, the
principles of explanation. Unity of explanation means
therefore, theoretical unity, which means, on what was
said above, homogeneous unity of legal base, and
lastly, homogeneous unity of explanatory principles.
(Husserl 1900-01)
4
3a
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
Axiomatische Wetenschap Schema
’The Classical Model of Science’ (Betti & de Jong 2010; Smid 2016)
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
•  Maak schema’s (modellen)
van je ideeën
•  Vertaal modellen in
ontologieën
•  Gebruik (top-down)
ontologieën om (bottomup) machine learning in te
kaderen (ontologie
extractie)
Computationele
Ideeëngeschiedenis
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
philosophical/
conceptualmodels
core/peripherysetup
ontology-based
information
extraction
Concepts:representationsover
(parsed)corporaas
distributionalvectors
Relations:pattern-basedwith
bootstrapping
Comparison:byontologyand
distributionalsimilaritymeasures
NLP
corpus
18th
20th
Voorlopige resultaten
Ontologie extractie (fragment) bolzano
342:: Satz_NN::wahr_ADJA [^ ]*_NN
318:: Vorstellung_NN::gewiss_ADJA [^ ]*_NN
201:: Satz_NN::[^ ]*_NN wahr_ADJ
192:: Satz_NN::gewiss_ADJA [^ ]*_NN
177:: Satz_NN::falsch_ADJA [^ ]*_NN
72:: Begriff_NN::gewiss_ADJA [^ ]*_NN
36:: Vorstellung_NN::richtig_ADJA [^ ]*_NN
33:: Vorstellung_NN::falsch_ADJA [^ ]*_NN
32:: Satz_NN::[^ ]*_NN falsch_ADJ
30:: Vorstellung_NN::[^ ]*_NN gewiss_ADJ
24:: Urtheil_NN::[^ ]*_NN wahr_ADJ
21:: Satz_NN::[^ ]*_NN wirklich_ADJ
20:: Urtheil_NN::wahr_ADJA [^ ]*_NN
20:: Satz_NN::[^ ]*_NN wahr_ADJD oder_KON falsch_ADJ
Corpus selectie
Maak corpus selectie less biased door je bias
expliciet te maken
i.e.
Bouw explicitiete bias in de tools die materiaal
extraheren
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
‘Modelleren’
Niet computationele conceptualisaties binnen
een geesteswetenschappelijk domein
Rauw materiaal om modellen te bouwen:
•  McCarty 2008c’s personification
characteristics
•  Armitage 2012’s analyse van drie definities
van burgeroorlog.
achtergrond | modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
Wat achtergrond, en dan
Onderwerpen
•  Modelleren van ideeën
•  corpus selectie
•  ‘modelleren’
Achtergrond | Modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
Modelleren van ideeëngeschiedenis
In different cultures the cuts [of meat, ab] vary,
and so the names of certain dishes are not
always easy to translate from one language to
another, yet it would be very difficult to
conceive of a cut that offered at the same
moment the tip of the nose and the tail.
(Umberto Eco, Kant and the Platypus)
Achtergrond | Modelleren van ideeën|corpus selectie |‘modelleren’
Meer in Betti, A., van den Berg, H.:
”Modelling the History of Ideas”
British Journal for the History of
Philosophy 22, 812–835.
”Towards a
Computational History
of Ideas”, Proceedings
of DH Luxemburg 2013
http://ceur-ws.org/