Transcript Delaware Mountain Group: Nance

Geology and Reservoir Development
in
The Delaware Mountain Group
Delaware Basin
H. S. Nance
Bureau of Economic Geology
Jackson School of Geosciences
The University of Texas at Austin
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Delaware Mountain Group
Basinal Sandstone Play
Northern Shelf
Delaware Mountain Group
Basinal Sandstone Play
San Simon
Channel
D9
D10
Selected Reservoirs
D8
D6
D1 Ford Geraldine
D2 East Ford
D3 Twofreds
D4 Caprito
D5 War-Wink
D6 Livingston Ridge
D7 Livingston Ridge East
D8 Lost Tank
D9 Hat Mesa
D10 Avalon
D11 Paduca
D7
D11
D2
D1
D5
D3
Delaware Basin
D4
Ozona Arch
Sheffield Channel
0
0
50 mi
80 km
Southern Shelf
Modified after Dutton and others (2005)
Paleogeography
and
Stratigraphy
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
North-South Cross Section
Upper Cherry Canyon Formation
Eddy Co., NM
N
GR
Florida Expl.
No. 1 Reno Com.
Cal
+
Enron
No. 1 Tomahawk 193
Den
6100
GR
S
Den
Cal
Pinery Ls Mbr
Hegler Ls Mbr
Datum: B/Hegler
Lower Seven Rivers HFS (G17)
Mz 5
Manzanita Ls Mbr
6000
Mz 4
Manzanita HFS Mz 3
Mz 2
6500
Mz 1
?
South Wells Ls Mbr?
?
6500
Modified after Tyrrell and others (2004)
Limestone-dominated
Siliciclastic-dominated
Reservoir Zones (from Hamilton,1996)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Delaware Mountain Group
Depositional Facies
and
Cyclicity
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Brushy Canyon Sediment Mineralogy
X - Ray Diffraction
70
Sand
60
50
40
30
20
Feldspar
10
0
100
Clay
90
80
70
Oriented
60
Glycolated
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Theta (degrees)
12
14
16
From Green and others (1996)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Porosity vs Permeability
Ramsey Sandstone
East Ford Reservoir
1000
k = 0.012 * 10^(0.148 x )
r = 0.82 n = 368
100
10
1
.1
.01
0
10
20
30
Core porosity (%)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Ramsey Sandstone
Bell Canyon Formation
East Ford Reservoir
Reeves Co.
Ramsey 1
Depositional Environment
Ramsey 2
18 17
16
18 17
19 20
21
19 20
16
Channel
Levee
Overbank splay
Lobe
21
East
Ford
unit
boundary
Data Points
East
Ford
unit
boundary
Oil-producing well
CO2 injection well
Other well
30 29
20
0
0
28
30 29
28
Thickness (ft)
0.5 mi
0.5 km
After Dutton and others (1999)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Depositional Models
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Lowstand Depositional Facies Tract
Delaware Mountain Group
Shelf
Slope
Shelf
Slope
Channel
Channel
Levee
Basin
Splay
Levee
Lobe
Basin
Lobe
From Dutton and others (2005)
modified from Galloway and Hobday (1996)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Eolian-Derived Turbidite Model
Delaware Mountain Group
Airborne silt
Terrestrial siliciclastics
Carbonate shoal
Backreef carbonates
Carbonate debris flow
Ss
Hemipelagic fallout apron
Organic-rich siltstone
“Reef”
Emergent reef margin
Topographic break
Slumps
Eolian dune
Slope incision
Sediment by-pass
Wind
modified after Gardner (1992)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Depositional Sequence Model
Delaware Mountain Group
Lam organic-rich siltst
Lam
Thin-bd, rippled, and horiz lam Ss, siltst
Massive Ss
Cross-stratified Ss
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Sand Depositional Fairways
Bell Canyon Formation
Delaware Basin
margin
Siliciclastic
transport
vectors
0
25 mi
0
40 km
Modified from Payne (1976)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Reservoir Geometry
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
East Ford Unit
Reeves Co.
Representative Well Log
Strike Cross Section
East Ford Unit No. 24
Gamma ray
0
API
Northwest
GR
Interval transit time
250
100
S/ft
Southeast
Depth
(ft)
GR
Depth
(ft)
GR
Depth
(ft)
GR
Depth
(ft)
GR
Castile
DATUM
40
2700
2700
2650
2700
Trap
CS
2700
CS
Ramsey 2
2700
Ford
2750
CS
Ramsey 2
SH1
Ramsey 1
Sandstone
SH1
Ramsey 1
2750
2750
2750
ft
50
Ford
CS
m
15
2800
Ford
siltstone
Olds
sandstone
2
750
2750
2750
Trap
siltstone
Ramsey
sandstone
Lamar
2700
Trap
Lamar
limestone
Depth
(ft)
2800
Olds
2800
1000 ft
2800
Laminated siltstone
1330 ft
CS
Organic-rich
siltstone
0
0
Channel
Overbank
splay
800 ft
800 ft
Condensed section
Lobe
Levee
Basinal
siltstone
QAc5418(b)cx
QAc4745(c)cx
From Dutton and others (2003)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Net Sand
Porosity >15%
Livingston Ridge and Lost Tank
Delaware Pools
N
Lost Tank
field
Key
> 30-ft sand with
> 15% porosity
Livingston
Ridge
field
< 10-ft sand with
> 15% porosity
0
0
c.i. = 10 ft
1 mi
2 km
Well productive
from Livingston
Ridge or Lost Tank
main pay
Dry hole or well
productive from
other zones
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
War-Wink (Cherry Canyon) Fields
University Lands Area
3
2
Fields
Winkler Co.
Ward Co.
1. Blk 18 area
2. Central War-Wink area
3. Blk 21 area
4. E. Quito
5. Caprito
6. Rhoda Walker
7. Pitzer
8. E. Pitzer
1
4
5
6
0 1
Modified after Hamilton and Hunt (1996)
8
7
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
0
2
3 mi
4 km
War-Wink (Cherry Canyon) Fields
University Lands Area
3
2
Fields
Winkler Co.
Ward Co.
1. Blk 18 area
2. Central War-Wink area
3. Blk 21 area
4. E. Quito
5. Caprito
6. Rhoda Walker
7. Pitzer
8. E. Pitzer
1
4
5
Hamilton & Hunt (1996)
study area
6
0 1
Modified after Hamilton and Hunt (1996)
8
7
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
0
2
3 mi
4 km
Structure and Isopach Map
7100-Ft Sand (Bush Zone, Lo. Cherry Can.)
War-Wink Field
Explanation
Elevation of Top of 7100-ft Sand
=/> -4300 ft
< -4300 ft
Thickness of 7100-ft Sand
Thickness (ft)
20-30
>30
Wells
injection well
oil well
oil well (sand production)
gas well
oil and gas well
0
1 mi
1 km
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Diagenesis
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Vertical Permeability Profiles
Enhanced
Oil Recovery
Ford Geraldine
Unit
East Ford Unit
Reeves Co.
Depth
(ft)
2470
2480
FGU-241
Permeability
(md)
0
100
Depth
(ft)
1000
FGU-193
Permeability
(md)
0
100
Depth
Production
200
2510
2520
Oil
Gas:oil ratio
Water:oil ratio
(ft)
0
FGU-134
Permeability
(md)
100
Depth
(ft)
2560
2620
2570
2630
2500
2510
0
100
100,000
Depth
(ft)
FGU-17
Permeability
(md)
0
100
2650
2660
10,000
100
2490
FGU-70
Permeability
(md)
2580
SH1 2640
2540
2590
2650
2550
2600
2660
2530
10
1
2670
SH1
1000
2680
2690
100
2610
2560
2670
Injection
1000
10,000
Purchased CO2
Recycled CO2
Water
100
1000
100
1990
10
1995
2000
2005
QAc9008(b)x
Year
From Dutton and others (2003)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
QAb9385c
Calcite Cement in Ramsey Sandstone
Ford Geraldine Field
Delaware Basin
Explanation
Cored well
Percentage of
Ramsey interval
cemented by calcite
Contour interval 5 percent
Calcite cement
0 - 10
20 - 30
10 - 20
> 30
Field outline
1 mi
0
0
1 km
Modified after Dutton and others (1999)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Calcite Cement in Ramsey Sandstone
Ford Geraldine Field
Delaware Basin
Explanation
Cored well
Percentage of
Ramsey interval
cemented by calcite
Contour interval 5 percent
Calcite cement
0 - 10
20 - 30
10 - 20
> 30
Field outline
1 mi
0
Ramsey channel facies outline
0
1 km
Modified after Dutton and others (1999)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Brushy Canyon Clay (< 4) Mineralogy
X - Ray Diffraction
100
Quartz
90
80
70
Oriented
60
Glycolated
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Theta (degrees)
12
14
16
From Green and others (1996)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Structural and Topographic Effects
On
Reservoir Development
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Structure on Bell Canyon Formation
Delaware Basin
Trieste
Double X
Paduca
Elevation (ft) on
Bell Canyon Fm
Fault
Oil field
0
20 mi
0
30 km
Modified from Payne (1976)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Paduca (Ramsey) Field
Lea Co. NM
?
?
0
1 mi
0
1 km
Explanation
Oil
Oil well
Oil and water
Gas well
Dry hole
Elevation (ft) on top of Ramsey Ss
modified after Berg (1975)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Upper Brushy Canyon Fm.
East Livingston Field
Lea County, NM
-3600
A
A’
A
B
C
D
BC Marker
A’
F
Datum
A
Dominant Lithology
Sandstone
500 ft
-3500
Siltstone
0.25 mi
0
-3500
Elevation on top
of D-zone
(ft above msl)
0
0
0
0.25 km
0.5 mi
0.5 km
Modified from Thomerson and Catalano (1996)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Production
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Average-Production Decline
Livingston Ridge Main Pay
LivingstonRidge-Lost Tank Reservoirs
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
12
24
36
48
60
72
Months
modified from Dutton and others (2005)
after Broadhead and others (1998)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Pressure Maintenance Response
Phillips No. 2 James A Well
Cabin Lake Reservoir
Initiate
pressure
maintenance
Initiate
Pressure
Maintenance
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Year
modified from Dutton and others (2005)
after Broadhead and others (1998)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Enhanced Oil Recovery
East Ford Unit
Reeves Co.
Production
100,000
1000
Oil
Gas:oil ratio
Water:oil ratio
10,000
100
10
1000
1
100
Injection
1000
10,000
Purchased CO2
Recycled CO2
Water
100
1000
100
1990
10
1995
2000
2005
QAc9008(b)x
Year
From Dutton and others (2003)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Recent Imagery
and
Limitations of Well Log Data
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Submarine Channel Complex, Angola, West Africa
Horizon Slice
Interpretation
Channel
accretionary
facies
0
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
1 km
Resolution Dependence on Sample Spacing
Seismic Interpretation
0
Well Log Interpretation
1 km
Well spots
on 40-acre spacing
Scroll
accretionary
Ss facies
Scroll
facies
intercept
Fine-grained
Channel-fill
facies
Modified from Abreu and others (2003)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PGGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Conclusions
Delaware Mountain Group
1. Facies: cyclic, deep-water siliciclastics and carbonates
2. Lowstand wedge comprising cycles of leveed submarine channel/
overbank splay/lobecomplexes, siltstone sheets, and coalesced
detrital limestone lenses
3. Three formations:
Brushy Canyon - lower and upper San Andres lowstands,
coarsest-grained siliciclastics, carbonate-poor
Cherry Canyon - upper San Andres, Grayburg, and Queen lowstands,
intercalated limestones thicken updip
Bell Canyon - Seven Rivers, Yates, and Tansill lowstands, intercalated
limestones thicken updip
4. Structural/stratigraphic traps:
Structural - Laramide-produced regional east-dip, local compactional
highs over buried sandbodies
Stratigraphic - sandstone (reservoir) facies pinchouts, siltstone
top-seals
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Conclusions
Delaware Mountain Group
5. Hydrocarbon sources are organic-rich siltstones
6. Stratigraphically sequential reservoir-sandbodies are laterally offset
7. Diagenesis
Calcite cement is most prevalent in overbank areas and vertically
comparmentalizes sandstones
Clay-mineral authigenesis (illite, chlorite) diminishes permeability,
complicates water-saturation calculations, and provides potential
for formation damage during acid treatments
8. Water- and hydrocarbon-saturated intervals alternate stratigraphically,
complicate fracture completions
9. Reservoir geometries may be inadequately mapped from typical well-log
data sets
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX