Transcript slides
M. C. Escher, Day and Night
Lecture 18: Mutation
CS200: Computer Science
University of Virginia
Computer Science
David Evans
http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans
Menu
• Mutation Primitives
• PS 5
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From Lecture 3:
Evaluation Rule 2: Names
If the expression is a name, it evaluates
to the value associated with that name.
> (define two 2)
> two
2
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Names and Places
• A name is not just a value, it is a
place for storing a value.
• define creates a new place,
associates a name with that place,
and stores a value in that place
(define x 3)
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x: 3
4
Bang!
set! (“set bang”) changes the value
associated with a place
>
>
3
>
>
7
(define x 3)
x
x: 7
3
(set! x 7)
x
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set! should make you nervous
> (define x
> (nextx)
3
> (nextx)
4
>x
4
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2)
Before set! all procedures
were functions (except for
their side-effects). The
value of (f) was the same
every time you evaluate it.
Now it might be different!
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Defining nextx
(define (nextx)
(set! x (+ x 1))
x)
syntactic sugar for
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(define nextx
(lambda ()
(begin
(set! x (+ x 1))
x))))
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Evaluation Rules
> (define x 3)
> (+ (nextx) x)
7
DrScheme evaluates
or 8
application sub> (+ x (nextx))
9
or 10
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expression left to right,
but Scheme evaluation
rules allow any order.
8
set-car! and set-cdr!
(set-car! p v)
Replaces the car of the cons p with v.
(set-cdr! p v)
Replaces the cdr of the cons p with v.
These should scare you even more then set!!
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> (define pair (cons 1 2))
> pair
(1 . 2)
pair:
1
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> (define pair (cons 1 2))
> pair
(1 . 2)
pair:
> (set-car! pair 0)
> (car pair)
0
1 21
0
> (cdr pair)
2
> (set-cdr! pair 1)
> pair
(0 . 1)
Any reason to be afraid yet?
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> pair
(0 . 1)
> (set-cdr! pair pair)
> (car pair)
pair:
0
> (car (cdr pair))
0
> (car (cdr (cdr pair)))
0
> pair
#0=(0 . #0#)
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1
1 pair
0
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Functional Programming
• Programming without mutation
– Side-effects like printing and drawing on the
screen are really mutations (of the display,
printer, bell, etc.)
• If an expression has a value, it is always
the same – order of evaluation doesn’t
matter
• Substitution mode of evaluation works fine
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Imperative Programming
• Programming with mutation (assignment)
• Value of an expression might be different
depending on when it is evaluated
• Substitution model of evaluation doesn’t
work anymore!
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Why Substitution Fails?
(define (nextx) (set! x (+ x 1)) x)
> (define x 0)
> ((lambda (x) (+ x x)) (nextx))
2
Substitution model:
(+
(+
(+
(+
0
(nextx) (nextx))
(begin (set! x (+ x 1)) x) (begin (set! x (+ x 1)) x))
(begin (set! 0 (+ 0 1)) 0) (begin (set! 0 (+ 0 1)) 0))
0 0)
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Why would a programming
language allow mutation?
• Does it allow us to express computations
we couldn’t express without it?
No! We can express all computations without
mutation. (We’ll see why before the end of
the course…)
• Mutation allows us to express some
computations more naturally and efficiently
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Example
• Count uses of letters in a message
> (count-letters "this sentence does not have six esses")
((#\a . 1)
(#\b . 0)
…
(#\r . 0)
(#\s . 7)
…
(#\z . 0))
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Constructing the Tally List
(define (make-letter-tallys)
(for (char->integer #\a)
(char->integer #\z)
(lambda (accum cno)
(append accum
(list (cons (integer->char cno)
0))))
null))
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Imperative Solution
(define (count-letters msg)
(let ((letter-uses (make-letter-tallys)))
(map (lambda (c)
(insertlg
(lambda (thisletter foundit)
(if foundit foundit
(if (eq? (car thisletter) c)
(begin (set-cdr! thisletter (+ (cdr thisletter) 1))
#t)
#f)))
letter-uses
#f))
(string->list msg))
letter-uses))
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Functional Solution
• Need to keep making new lists!
• If you are not sure mutation is a good thing
(and you shouldn’t be), try writing this
yourself
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PS5
• Make a primosaic
– Photomosaic that avoids reusing tiles
• Change the tile selection to favor tiles that
have not been used much
• Keep track of how many tiles each tile
is used
– Mutate the list of tiles each time a tile is
selected as the best tile
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Charge
• PS5
– You know everything you need to do it after
today, so start early!
– More open ended than previous problem sets
• Thursday, 3:30 in Wilson 402
– Talk by Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate, the
Noble Savage, and the Ghost in the Machine
• Friday
– A model of computation and evaluation rules that
work with mutation
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