Transcript Deuterostomes

Biology, Seventh Edition
Solomon • Berg • Martin
Chapter 30
The Animal Kingdom:
The Deuterostomes
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Main branches of deuterostomes
• Echinoderms
• Hemichordates (marine
deuterostomes with three-part body,
including proboscis, collar, trunk)
–Acorn worms
• Chordates
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Characteristics of echinoderms
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Spiny “skin”
Water vascular system
Tube feet
Endoskeleton
Larvae
–Bilateral symmetry
• Adults
–Pentaradial symmetry
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Class Crinoidea
• Oral surface is turned upward
• Some crinoids are sessile
• Class includes
–Sea lilies
–Feather stars
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Crinoidea:
feather star
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Class Asteroidea
• Central disk with five or more
arms
• Tube feet for location
• Members are sea stars
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Class Ophiuroidea
• Longer, more slender arms than
members of Asteroidea
• Arms are used for locomotion
• No suckers on tube feet
• Members are brittle stars
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Ophiuroidea: daisy brittle star
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Class Echinoidea
• No arms
• Solid shell
• Covered with spines
• Members are
–Sea urchins
–Sand dollars
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Echinoidea: sand dollar
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Class Holothuroidea
• Mouth is surrounded by a circle
of modified tube feet that serve
as tentacles
• Members are sea cucumbers
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Holothuroidea: sea cucumber
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Phylum Chordata
• At some time in their life cycle, all
chordates have
–Notochord
–Dorsal, tubular nerve chord
–Pharyngeal slits
–Postanal tail
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Generalized chordate body plan
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Subphyla of phylum Chordata
• Urochordata
• Cephalochordata
• Vertebrata
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Invertebrate chordates
• Tunicates (subphylum
Urochordata)
–Are suspension-feeding marine
animals with tunics
–Larvae have typical chordate
characteristics and are freeswimming
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Tunicates (subphylum
Urochordata), cont.
–Adults of most groups are sessile
suspension feeders
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Tunicate body plan:
lateral view of an adult
tunicate
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Tunicate body plan:
internal structure of
a larval tunicate
(lateral view)
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Invertebrate chordates
• Lancelets (subphylum
Cephalochordata)
–Small
–Segmented
–Fishlike
–Exhibit chordate characteristics
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Cephalochordate body plan: lancelet
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Evolution of chordates
• Tunicates were probably first to
evolve
• Subphyla Cephalochordata and
Vertebrata considered sister taxa
by some
• Common ancestor probably
resembled tunicate larva
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Evolutionary
relationships
of vertebrates
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Shared derived characters of
vertebrates
• Verytebral column
• Cranium
• Neural crest cells
–Pronounced cephalization
• Muscles attached to endoskeleton
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Major groups of jawless fishes
• Ostracoderms (extinct)
• Agnathans
–Hagfishes (class Cephalaspidomorphi)
–Lamprey (class Myxini)
• or Craniates
–Vertebrates
–Hagfishes (systematist designation
referring to invertebrate character of
hagfishes)
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Three lampreys
attached to a carp
Suction-cup
mouth of adult
lamprey
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Evolution of jawed fishes and
amphibians
• Class Chondrichthyes
–Jaws
–Two pairs of fins
–Placoid scales
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Structure
of a
placoid
scale
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Class Chondrichthyes, cont.
• Sharks
–Many species ovoviparous
–Some species oviparous
–Few species vivaparous
• Rays
• Skates
–Oviparous
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Internal structure of a shark
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Bony fishes
• Class Actinopterygii
–Ray-finned fishes
• Class Actinistia
–Coelacanths
• Class Dipnoi
–Lungfishes
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Perch, a representative bony fish
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• During the Devonian, bony fishes
gave rise to
• Actinopterygii
–Lungs modified as a swim bladder
–Evolved into modern bony fishes
• Sarcopterygii evolved into
–Lungfishes
–Coelacanths
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Sarcopterygii, cont.
• Coelacanths and lungfishes
apparently preadapted for life on land
• Lungfish may have given rise to
tetrapods
• First successful tetrapods
labyrinthodonts (ancestors of frogs
and salamanders)
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Diver swimming with coelacanth
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
An artist’s conception of labyrinthodonts
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Class Amphibia
• Use moist skin as well as lungs
for gas exchange
• Three-chambered heart
• Systemic and pulmonary
circulations
• Most return to water to reproduce
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Class Amphibia, cont.
• Salamanders
• Frogs (tadpoles undergo
metamorphosis)
• Toads
• Caecilians
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Modern reptiles: Chelonia mydas
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Vertebrate adaptations to
terrestrial life
• Amniotic egg: amnion forms fluidfilled sac around embryo
• Body covering that retards water
loss
• Physiological mechanisms to
conserve water
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Modern
reptiles:
Crocodilia
niloticus
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Class Reptilia is paraphyletic
• Dinosaurs
• Turtles
• Lizards
• Snakes
• Alligators
• Birds sometimes included
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Modern reptiles: Basiliscus plumifrons
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Reptiles
• Internal fertilization
• Most secrete a protective shell
around egg
• Embryo develops protective
membranes, including amnion, to
retain moisture
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Reptiles, cont.
• Dry skin with horny scales
• Lungs with many changers
• Three-chambered heart with
some separation of oxygen-rich
and oxygen-poor blood
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Paleontological discovery of
feathered dinosaurs
• Many biologists consider birds to
be feathered dinosaurs; they
classify as diapsids
–Birds
–Most reptiles
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Caudipteryx
(headless)
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Reconstruction
of
Archaeopteryx
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Birds: adaptations for powered
flight
• Feathers
• Wings
• Light, hollow bones with air spaces
• Four-chambered heart
• Very efficient lungs
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Birds: adaptations for powered
flight, cont.
• High metabolic rate
• Constant body temperature
• Excrete solid metabolic wastes
• Well-developed nervous system
• Excellent vision and hearing
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Mammals
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Hair
Mammary glands
Differentiated teeth
Three middle-ear bones
Constant body temperature
Highly-developed nervous system
Muscular diaphragm
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Convergent evolution
in placental and
marsupial mammals
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Monotremes (subclass
Holotheria)
• Oviparous
–Duck-billed platypus
–Spiny anteater
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Marsupials (subclass
Metatheria)
• Young are born in an embryonic
stage and complete their
development in marsupium
–Kangaroos
–Opossums
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
Macropius giganteus
Macropius giganteus
soon after birth
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CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes
• Placental mammals (subclass
Eutheria)
• Placenta permitting development
within the uterus
• Living placental mammals are
classified into circa sixteen orders
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