Transcript The Reinforcement Omission Effect as a Translational Model of Negative Urgency

The Reinforcement Omission Effect as a Translational Model
of
Negative
Urgency
Introduction
Figure 1. Conditioned responding during initial
Pavlovian pretraining in Experiment 1.
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Figure 4. (a) VAS questions during human behavioral
task, consisting of a set of 8 questions (do you feel
stressed, irritated, energetic, frustrated, content, alert,
anxious, or active). (b) and (c) VAS ratings from 3
human subjects high in urgency in Experiment 2.
Figure 3. Schematic of a reward trial in
Experiment 2. Omission trials consist of the
cue light leading to no sucrose
pellets in the initial Pavlovian component.
Initial
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(Lack of) Premeditation Score
UPPS-R
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Acknowledgements
R square = 0.016, F(1,16) = 0.2599,
p = 0.6172
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d.
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(Lack of) Perseverance Score
UPPS-R
*p < .05, **p < .01
R square = 0.1274, F(1,16) = 2.335,
p = 0.146
•Future studies will include a rat saline control group, as
well as a sucrose pellet group (in which responses
during the operant component will lead to sucrose pellet
delivery rather than a drug infusion) to illustrate the
ROE with a nondrug reinforcer. Additional human
subjects will be included in Experiment 2 as well.
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Sensation Seeking Score
UPPS-R
R square = 0.6470, F(1,16) = 29.32,
p < .0001
Response Rate Ratio
(Omission/Reward + Omission)
Reward
Omission
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Negative Urgency Score
UPPS-R
Test Session
*p < .05; **p < .01
Reward Trials Omission Trials
Figure 6. Correlations of behavioral measure (ratio of
mouse clicks/sec/trial) and personality questionnaire
ratings of (a) negative urgency, (b) sensation seeking,
(c) premeditation (lack of), and (d) perseverance (lack
of) in Experiment 2.
Response Rate Ratio
(Omission/Reward + Omission)
Figure 5. Response rate (lever presses/trial) on test
sessions during (a) 0.03 mg/kg/infusion and (b) 0.1
mg/kg/infusion AMPH self-administration in
Experiment 1
Response Rate (Responses/Trial)
AMPH 0.1 mg/kg/infusion
•Subjects then completed an analogous procedure in which
mouse clicks (FR-100) led to money following reward or
reward omission (see Figure 3). Subjects were also required
to complete visual analogue scale (VAS) questions
randomly intermixed throughout the session (Figure 4).
"Active"
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Experiment 2
•Adults (age 18-36; n=18) completed the UPPS-R
questionnaire (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001), in which level of
negative urgency was measured (1 = not at all, 4 = a lot).
Omission Trials
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Response Rate (Responses/Trial)
AMPH 0.03 mg/kg/infusion
•Following acquisition, rats were given baseline training
sessions in which a Pavlovian component was followed by
an operant self-administration component until stable
responding was achieved. Rats were then given test
sessions with randomly intermixed omission trials in which
the CS no longer led to sucrose pellets (see Figure 2).
Reward Trials
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•Rats were then implanted with jugular catheters. Following
recovery, rats were trained to self-administer damphetamine (AMPH; either 0.03 or 0.1 mg/kg/infusion).
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Baseline
Experiment 1
•Developing a negative urgency model in which a
behavioral measure is predictive of urgency status is
important because those who are high in negative
urgency have been found to be at higher risk for drug
use (e.g., alcohol).
•Inconsistencies in definitions of impulsivity, as well as
numerous behavioral tasks that do not directly map onto
personality scales, have created difficulty in interpretation.
Thus, the long-term goal of this project was to develop a
valid translational model of a specific facet of impulsivity
that may increase the risk for drug use as measured in
personality scales with humans.
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Method
•Male Sprague-Dawley rats were initially trained with a CS
(white cue light) – US (3 sucrose pellets) Pavlovian
association. To determine if learning of the association
occurred, a conditioned response (CR; a photo beam
interruption) was used in the food receptacle (Figure 1).
"Frustrated"
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•At the 0.1 mg/kg/infusion dose, rats showed an ROE
only in the first two test sessions. This is possibly due to
anorectic effects with increased exposure to a high dose
of AMPH, thus devaluing the US.
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•An operant analogue of the runway procedure from Amsel
& Roussell (1952) was used, and a reinforcement omission
effect (ROE) was predicted to occur following omission of
reward in rat and human studies (Exp 1 and 2, respectively).
•Both human subjects high in negative urgency and
nonhuman subjects demonstrated increased responding
following reward omission, thus adding to translational
validity of this model.
•Human subjects rated high in negative urgency also
reported increased VAS mood ratings of frustration,
whereas those lower in urgency did not show this
elevation from initial baseline levels.
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Discussion
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• The current studies attempt to bridge the gap between
questionnaire and behavioral models of impulsivity by
developing a behavioral task of negative urgency that has
good cross-species generality and that engenders individual
differences in human performance which are consistent with
construct measures on the UPPS personality questionnaire
developed by Whiteside & Lynam (2001).
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•Negative urgency has been linked to increased alcohol use,
binge/purging, pathological gambling, compulsive shopping,
as well as stimulant drug use.
Conditioned Response
(Average Head Entries/Sec)
•Urgency in humans is the tendency to engage in risky
behavior due to extreme positive and negative affect
(Cyders & Smith, 2008).
Conditioned Response
(Average Head Entries/Sec)
0.03 mg/kg/infusion
Figure 2. Schematic of a reward trial in Experiment
1. Omission trials consist of the cue light leading to
no sucrose pellets in the initial Pavlovian component.
Response Rate Ratio
(Omission/Reward + Omission)
•Urgency, or mood-based rash action, is a facet that has
been developed to define one aspect of the multi-faceted
construct of impulsivity (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001).
Cassandra D. Gipson, Thomas H. Kelly, & Michael T. Bardo
University of Kentucky
Response Rate Ratio
(Omission/Reward + Omission)
•Impulsivity has been defined in various ways, and broadly
“refers to factors that regulate the performance of
inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors” (de Wit & Richards,
2004).
R square = 0.1679, F(1,16) = 3.229,
p = 0.0912
•Funding provided by NIH grants P50 DA1652, T32
DA007304, and the Center for Drug Abuse Research
Petite Grant. Thanks to the Center for Drug Abuse
Research Translation, Allen Mayberry, Emily Denehy,
Julie Marusich, Chip Meyer, Kristin Alvers, Justin Yates,
and Kate Fischer.