Transcript Sources and uses of x-rays

Centre for Environmental Health, Safety and Security Management
ANALYTICAL X-RAY SAFETY
User Training
Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
TRAINING OUTLINE
History
Sources/uses of X-rays
Legislation
Biological & Health Effects
X-ray safety in the lab
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Exposure
SOPS
Security
Emergencies
Summary
References
Quiz
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Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and Uses - Outline
How are X-rays produced
Atomic properties and interaction with matter
Description of a X-ray machine
Types of Laboratory X-rays machines
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Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and Uses
What Are X-rays?
X-rays are part of electromagnetic spectrum (energy
range of 10eV – 120KeV)
type of ionizing radiation (made of photons) originating
from the electron shell
produced by machines
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Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and Uses
X-ray Production - Bremsstrahlung
Electron
(-)
Target Nucleus
Tungsten
X-Ray
Example of electromagnetic radiation which comes from
electrons which are deflected from their original paths or
inner orbital electrons change their orbital levels around
nucleus
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Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and Uses
How Are X-rays Produced?
Produced whenever a high voltage, a vacuum and
a source of electrons present
Most x-ray devices emit electrons from a cathode,
accelerate them with a voltage and hit the anode
(target)
Emits x-rays
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Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and Uses
X-ray Machine
Anode (+)
Cathode
(-)
X-Rays
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Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and Uses
Consists of a x-ray tube, an electrical source of high voltage, tube
filament current, and radiation shielding to shape the beam
Principle Types of Diagnostic X-rays:
Radiographic, Fluoroscopic, and Photo-Fluorographic
Industrial X-rays - Nondestructive examination of
metal parts
Therapeutic X-rays - Superficial x-ray for skin
cancer, orthovoltage x-ray generators for deeper
lying tumors
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Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and Uses
X-ray machine
electrically powered device with a PRIMARY purpose
of producing X-rays
analyzes structures or materials
X-ray source
any part of a device that emits x-rays, whether or not the
device is an x-ray machine e.g. electron microscope
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Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and Uses
X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
commonly used in chemical analysis
studies arrangements of atoms in solids
by studying scattered x-ray beam from
atomic arrangement
X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
observes fluorescent emissions of x-ray
and UV as atoms hit by x-rays
structure of material examines atomic
absorption
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