Transcript EXS 6240-Z, 16

Chapter 16
Adverse Events and Hazards of Physical Activity
“BOT H E XC ESSI VE A N D DE F EC TIV E E X E RCI SE DEST ROYS T HE ST R E NGTH.”
A R I STOTLE 3 8 4 - 322 B C
P-470
Vigorous activity is not without increased risk of injury and even sudden death in some
circumstances.
The precise dose-response relationship between PA and lowered health risk is not yet known for
most chronic diseases, neither are the types, amounts and settings of PA that increase its
hazards and adverse events.
Aristotle also said, “All things in moderation”—which is likely applicable for exercise.
In his 1713 book (De Morbis Artificum Diatriba) {The Disease of Workers] Bernardino Ramazzini
advised moderation to prevent illness in jobs that were physically intense such as bricklayers,
woodworkers and printers.
Dr. Jeffery Koplan (CDC, 1985) stated, “If we are to continue advocating exercise as a healthpromoting activity, it is our responsibility as advocates and health professionals to provide the
public with information that presents a full and balanced view of exercise, namely, its benefits
and risks.
In the US, nearly 1.5 mill adults over 20 and 3 mill children and youth visit an emergency room
each year as a result from sports or other leisure-time PA activity.
Musculoskeletal injuries are most common, traumatic head injuries, heat and cold injuries,
infectious diseases and even cardiac death.
11 riskiest activities in the US, P-471.
Most frequent types and sites of injury in the US, P-472.
High School, Collegiate and Olympic Sport.
Distribution and % of injuries: Picture on P-473.
Traumatic Brain Injury: Head injury during recreational and competitive sport has reached
epidemic status during the past decade.
Evaluating Risk: age, sex, physical activity experience, injury history, body mass.
Features of the Agent: PA, P-480. Total exposure, frequency, duration, intensity, type of PA.
Environmental factors: exercise surface, temperature, urban environmental features.
NCAA Football Heat Acclimation Rules: P-484
The Injury Definition Problem.
Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death, P-487.
Joint and Muscle Injury, P-489: running and jogging, walking, biking, aerobics class, resistance
training.
Psychological Hazards: Disordered eating (P-494) and Muscle Dysmorphia