Transcript General Model of land Evaluation

What is Planning?
• Planning as a Basic Human Activity
• Planning as Rational Choice
– Rational Choice is a choice that meets certain
standards of logic.
• Planning as Control of Future Action
• Planning as a Specific Kind of Problem
Solving
• Planning is What Planners Do.
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
Defining Planning: An Attempted Synthesis
• “If planning is everything, may be it is nothing.”
• What planning is not:
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Planning is not an individual activity
Planning is not a present-oriented activity
Planning can not be routinized
Planning has little or nothing in common with trailand-error approaches to problem solving
– Planning is not just the imagining of desirable futures
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
Rationality
• Rationality: is a way of choosing the best
means to attain a given end.
• Rationality includes evaluation and choice
of goals.
• Axioms of Rationality: it ensures internal
logical consistency, and rational analysis
provides a framework to display the
decision maker’s values and assessments.
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
MODELS OF THE PLANNING PROCESS
• There are many models.
• These models see planning as
sequential, multi-staged process in
which many of the phases are linked to
the predecessors by feedback loops.
• The conclusions reached at the later stage
may lead to review of an earlier stage or a
reiteration of the whole process
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
Components of the planning process
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
• Problem Diagnosis
– Dissatisfaction with the
status quo
– An image of the desired
state
– The image gives form to
specific goals, general
norms, standards,
ideologies, even utopian
visions.
– Definitions depend on an
analytical orientation of the
individuals involved.
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
• Goals Articulation
– Goals related to problem
definition
– Planning was traditionally
much more goal-oriented
than it is now
– Master plan: A desired endstate, in future x years, with
the attainment of certain
goals
– Translation of vague
incoherent goals into
operational objectives
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
• Prediction and Projection
– Future orientation was
emphasized in planning,
therefore current data are not
enough
– Need projection to estimate
the conditions, needs and
constraints
– Prediction is required for
evaluating alternatives
– Prediction depends on
amount of information
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
• Alternative Development
– A “good” plan can not be
chosen from a “poor” set of
alternatives
– The number of alternatives
depend on the problem
– Each alternative has to be
detailed, and its actions,
resources has to be detailed
before evaluation
– Creativity and innovation in
alternative development
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
• Feasibility Analysis
– Can the option be done, given
known constraints and available
or projected resources?
– Yes: means the alternatives are
well-designed
– No: reduce the range of options to a
short list
– The planners will have to
redesign some options to
make them feasible
– Consider all constraints:
economic, physical,
environmental, ..etc.
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
• Evaluation
– Identify the possible
alternatives that can be
implemented
– One alternative: go/no-go
decision
– Evaluation criteria: efficiency
– Cost-benefit analysis
– Cost-effectiveness analysis:
for human services
– Equity criterion: “who gets
hurt?”
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
• Implementation
– A strong political commitment
appears to be a necessary, but
not always sufficient condition
for the adoption and successful
realization of proposals
– Clearly defined goals which are
translatable into objectives that
can be monitored are important
– Urban planners must rely upon
compromises between strict
rationality and qualitative or
informed judgments.
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
Final Questions
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Do we carry problems in search of
answers?
Are solutions just as often looking for
problems?
Can goals be identified?
Is it easier to plan without goals?
Should we develop and evaluate options
as prescribed by the rational decision
process?
• There are many alternative models.
• Planning practices change but the
this model of what should be done
has yet to be improved.
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
Planning Process & Policy Analysis
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat
Environmental Planning – Prof. H. Alshuwaikhat