Transcript ppt

Dr. Ali Muqaibel



What are Frequency demodulators ?
They produce output voltage whose instantaneous amplitude
is directly proportional to the instantaneous frequency of the
input FM wave.
Methods:
1. Frequency Discriminator followed by an
envelope detector.
Slope Circuit


signal differentiation method
2. Phase locked loop demodulator.
3. Zero-crossing detector.
4. Ratio-detector. (old)
form

g FM (t )  A cos  c t  k f




 m ( )d  

First, transfer the information from the angle to the
magnitude
For example: derivate of a sinusoid results in multiplying the
magnitude of the sinusoid by the derivate of its angle, the
derivative of the above FM signal becomes

dg FM (t )
 A c  k f m (t )  sin  c t  k f
dt


 m ( )d  

Is this signal amplitude or
frequency modulated?

Because the information is also contained in
the amplitude we can use AM demodulation
Signal Differentiation Frequency Demodulator
gFM(t)
d ()
dt

A c  k f m (t ) sin  ct  k f


m
(

)
d





Envelope
Detector
m(t)
(and DC Blocker)
Envelope detector can be used because
The message is always represented by the positive term
of the envelope.
The same idea can be used for PM demodulation. A PM signal has the form
g PM (t )  A cos c t  k p m (t ) 
dg PM (t )
dm (t ) 

 A c  k p
sin c t  k p m (t ) 

dt
dt 

If this signal is passed through an envelope detector, the output will be proportional to
the derivative of the message signal. An integrator will solve the problem
Signal Differentiation PM Demodulator
gPM(t)
d ( )
dt
d m (t ) 

 A c  kp
s in   c t  k p m ( t ) 


dt 

d m (t )
Envelope
Detector
(and DC Blocker)
t
dt


( ) d 
m(t)


What if the amplitude A is not constant because of channel
noise? i.e. A(t)
At the output of the differentiator, we will have other terms
d/dt (A(t))
The use of bandpass limiter also suppresses the
channel noise when the noise is small.
GFM




c

c

Linear Region
of Response




c

c
S




c

c
Signal Differentiation Frequency Demodulator
gFM(t)
H()

A c  Ck f m (t ) cos  ct  k f



 m ( )d  

Envelope
Detector
(and DC Blocker)
m(t)
•
•
•
PLLs when fed with an FM signal directly
produce an output signal that is proportional
to the message signal.
PLL has low cost and superior performance
even at low SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)
Where do we take the output? Compare with
the case of carrier acquisition.
A sin(ct+i)
x(t)
X
Narrowband
LPF
y(t)
Voltage Controlled
Oscillator
(VCO)
z(t)
B cos(ct+o)