Transcript PERCH_Symposium_Pollutants_Soils

Partnership for Environmental Research and Community Health
(PERCH)
Environmental quality of surface soils in
public places in NW Florida
Johan Liebens
Department of Environmental Studies
University of West Florida
Carl J. Mohrherr and K. Ranga Rao
Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation
University of West Florida
Introduction

Soils in many urban areas have been found to be polluted
with trace metals.

NW Florida has water, sediment, air pollution problems.
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Surface soils in NW Florida polluted?
− Soil pollution has only been studied at/near former industrial sites.
Objectives

Dioxins/furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
trace metals.
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Assessment of trace metal pollution in surface soils in
public places (parks, playgrounds, sports facilities).
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pollution levels
spatial distribution
potential origin
urban vs. rural
influence traffic
influence CCA treated wood
influence soil characteristics
speciation (bioavailability) of trace metals
Objectives

Dioxins/furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
trace metals.

Assessment of trace metal pollution in surface soils in
public places (parks, playgrounds, sports facilities).
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pollution levels
spatial distribution
potential origin
urban vs. rural
influence traffic
influence CCA treated wood
influence soil characteristics
speciation (bioavailability) of trace metals
Trace metal concentrations (n = 126)
Geomean
[mg/kg]
RSCTL
[mg/kg]
% samples
exceeding TL
As
1.38
2.1
34
Cd
0.04
82
0
Cr
6.38
210
0
Cu
4.25
150
0
Pb
11.57
400
0
Hg
0.019
3.0
0
Ni
1.95
340
0
Zn
16.91
26,000
0
Trace metal
RSCTL = Residential Soil Cleanup Target Level
Anthropogenic trace metal pollution
Enrichment factor:
− Concept: ratio of concentration in sample to background concentration
− EFmetal = (Conc. metal/Conc. Al)sample / (Conc. metal/Conc. Al)background
− < 2 unpolluted, 2 - 10 polluted, > 10 strongly polluted
Proportion [%] of sites with anthropogenic pollution
Index
value
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
Ni
Zn
Enrichment factor
2 - 10
polluted
9.5
7.9
2.4 11.1 9.5 16.7 5.6
9.5
> 10
strongly
polluted
0.0
1.6
0.8
0.8
1.6
2.4
0.8
0.8
Proportion [%] of sites with anthropogenic pollution
Index
value
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
Ni
Zn
Enrichment factor
2 - 10
polluted
9.5
7.9
2.4 11.1 9.5 16.7 5.6
9.5
> 10
strongly
polluted
0.0
1.6
0.8
0.8
1.6
2.4
0.8
0.8
Potential trace metal origin: Factor analysis (with Fe, Al)
Factor loading plot
1
Factor 2
0.8
Zn Pb
Cu
0.6
Ni
Hg
0.4
As
Cr
Fe
0.2
Al
0
0
0.2
0.4
Factor 1
0.6
0.8
1
Hot spot analysis
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Do sites with high concentrations tend to cluster spatially?
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Assigns a sampling site to a hot spot if the values for the
site and surrounding sites are high compared to rest of
dataset.
Output is Z score.
Run on Pollution Load Index (PLI) for four anthropogenic
metals.
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Sequential extraction
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Fractions of trace metals extracted in stepwise procedure
with gradually more "aggressive" compounds:
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Water extractable
Exchangeable
Oxide-bound
Organic matter (OM)-bound
Residual phase (parent material)
Sequential extraction
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Trace metals extracted in stepwise procedure with
gradually more "aggressive" compounds:
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−
−
−
−
Water extractable
bioavailable fraction
Exchangeable
Oxide-bound
Organic matter (OM)-bound
Residual phase (parent material)
PSS 126 SE
PSS 55 SE
Sample ID
PSS 126 SE
PSS 124 SE
PSS 123 SE
PSS 118 SE
PSS 117 SE
PSS 95SE
80%
PSS 90SE
90%
PSS 89SE
100%
PSS 60 SE
PSS 57 SE
PSS 124 SE
PSS 118 SE
PSS 34 SE
PSS 47SE
PSS 117 SE
PSS 33 SE
PSS 123 SE
PSS 95SE
PSS 32 SE
Graphs extraction
PSS 38 SE
PSS 90SE
PSS 57 SE
PSS 55 SE
PSS 47SE
PSS 38 SE
PSS 31 SE
0%
PSS 89SE
10%
PSS 15SE
Sample ID
PSS 60 SE
20%
PSS 08SE
PSS 06SE
PSS 34 SE
30%
PSS 05SE
0%
PSS 33 SE
60%
PSS 04SE
20%
Proportion of total concentration
40%
PSS 32 SE
PSS 31 SE
PSS 15SE
PSS 08SE
PSS 06SE
PSS 05SE
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PSS 04SE
Proportion of total concentration
Chromium Sequential Extraction
100%
80%
Lead Sequential Extraction
Residual Metal
OM-bound
Oxide-bound
Exchangeable
Water Extractable
70%
60%
50%
40%
Residual Metal
OM-bound
Oxide-bound
Exchangeable
Water Extractable
Sample ID
PSS 126 SE
PSS 124 SE
PSS 123 SE
PSS 118 SE
PSS 117 SE
PSS 95SE
PSS 90SE
PSS 89SE
PSS 60 SE
PSS 57 SE
PSS 55 SE
PSS 47SE
PSS 38 SE
PSS 34 SE
PSS 33 SE
PSS 32 SE
PSS 31 SE
PSS 15SE
PSS 08SE
PSS 06SE
PSS 05SE
PSS 04SE
Proportion of total concentration
Arsenic Sequential Extraction
100%
80%
60%
40%
Residual Metal
OM-bound
Oxide-bound
Exchangeable
Water Extractable
20%
0%
Conclusions
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Most trace metals do not exceed RSCTL, have relatively
low anthropogenic pollution levels.
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As exceeds RSCTL throughout area, has largest
bioavailable fraction.
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Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg have anthropogenic origin.
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Cr, Ni are associated with parent material and
predominantly in residual phase.
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Small difference between concentrations in urban and
rural areas, but elevated concentrations in Palafox
Industrial Corridor.
Acknowledgements

PERCH/CEDB personnel.

EPA cooperative agreement X-97455002.
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Student assistants: Eric Joyner, Kristal Walsh, Michael
Somerville.
The University of West Florida
PERCH Project
Center for Environmental
Diagnostics and Bioremediation
(CEDB)
http://uwf.edu/cedb
Sediment Pollutant Profiles in the Escambia
Bay/River System and Pensacola Bayous
Carl J. Mohrherr, CEDB UWF
Johan Liebens, ES UWF
Joe Lepo, CEDB UWF
K. R. Rao, CEDB UWF
PERCH
Symposium on Project Outcomes
Pensacola Estuaries
Determined Sediment Pollutant Profiles for the
Escambia Bay/River System and 3 Bayous: B. Texar, B.
Chico, and B. Grande.
Three Bayous have
hotspots that frequently
exceed SQAG for
metals, PAHs, PCBs,
dioxins
Petroleum hydrocarbons
were high in two
Bayous- No SQAGs
Escambia Bay/River
sediments have lower
levels of pollutants
Exceptions: Arsenic and
DDT were higher
Bayou Grande
Bayou Chico
Bayou Texar
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Elongated estuary receives
flow from Carpenter’s Creek
Residential-light commercial
watershed with Superfund
Fund plumes
Metals Map: Pollutant Load
Index: shows Hot Spot
Sedimentation and pollution
greater in the northern portion
of the bayou
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−
−
−
−
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Mean total TEQs >TEL
PCBs lower than other Bayous
PAH conc. > TEL
PB, Hg, Cu, Zn > PEL
Cr, Cd, As >TEL
Petroleum hydrocarbons high
Sedimentation also at mouth
Superfund
Sites
Bayou Chico
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Small Bayou with three creeks
Major Impacts

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Sedimentation
Dredging and spoils disposal
over last 90 years
• Dredge spoils disposed in
nearby bay or about the bayou
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Catchment areas-Hot Spots
Major industrial pollution
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Waste sites see green arrows
• Plume impacts?
Pollutants:
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Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn > PEL
As, Cr, Cd >TEL;
PCBs, dioxins > PEL
PAHs
>TEL
Petroleum hydrocarbons
(ASTs)
spoil island
Bayou Grande
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Elongated with
embayments
 Eastern embayments
highly polluted
 PAHs
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PAH hot spots exceed
PEL
Deeper sediments
have naphthalene
contamination as do
surface sediments
near NAS
• Suggests
groundwater
contamination
impact
Bayou Grande
Pollutant Load Index Map-Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn
Continued: Bayou
Grande
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Metals
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Cd, Pb, Zn >PEL
As, Cr, Hg, Ni >TEL
PCBs and dioxins
Exceed SQAG
Bayou Grande
Pollutant Load Index Map-Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn
Escambia Bay and River
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Escambia Bay is part of the
Pensacola Bay System
− 36 miles2
− Escambia River is 230 miles
with about 58 miles in Florida
Past impacts from Industries
and Utilities
Escambia
River
− 1969 Monsanto PCB spill
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Several Bridges: 90 Causeway is
likely most impacting
~1970 Environmental crash of
bay, Followed by US EPA
studies and enforcement actions
Escambia
Bay
Escambia Map: Pollutant Load Index Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn
Index values are very low-no metal hot spots
Escambia River and upper bay:
Escambia Bay
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Most pollutant
concentrations were low
compared to the bayous.
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Arsenic was the only metal
to consistently exceed
SQAG
Organochlorine Pesticides
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Detections were minimal in Bayous Texar and Grande
− Not analyzed in Chico
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Escambia River and wetlands DDT present
ESCAMBIA PCBs
Escambia Bay
Upper Escambia Bay and River
and lower wetlands.
PCBs and Dioxins Compared
180
Texar
Chico
Grande
140
Escambia
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
PCB
PCB TEQ
d/f TEQ
Tot TEQ
Ratios of PERCH PCB Data to Previous Data
2.5
2
PERCH/Old Data
PCB ug/kg and TEQ ng/kg
160
PCBs and
Dioxins/Furan
s
1.5
1
0.5
0
Texar/DeBusk
Texar/Lewis
Chico
Data Set
Grande
Escambia
Contaminated Plumes
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Each of the three bayous: Texar, Chico, and Grande are
adjacent to Plumes from Superfund sites.
− B. Texar: AGRICO Fluoride Plume is entering Bayou
waters
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No evidence that Escambia Treating Company naphthalene
plume has impacted the Bayou
No evidence that radium from AGRICO has impacted the
bayou
− B. Grande: naphthalene is present in deep & surface
bayou sediments. NAS Pensacola could be a source
− B. Chico: no demonstrated impact from the American
Creosote Site or OmniVest Landfill
Future of contaminated sediments
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
Most sediment organics will tend to degrade
slowly, metals are more persistent
Flushing
− It sends the pollutants elsewhere
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Sediment remediation of Bayous and Bay is not
being pursued by state or federal entities
− Currently TMDLs under CWA section 303(d)
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For Fecal bacteria in water column
Sediment contaminants are not covered
Past
Past
END
Present
Future