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Cervical-Cancer Screening with
Human
Papillomavirus and Cytologic
Cotesting
組別:第五組
指導老師:楊煦星
報告者:4A0H0051楊舒婷
4A0H0053周侑樺
2
子宮頸癌成因
1.多重性伴侶
2.初次性交的年齡早
3.抽菸
4.和有子宮頸癌伴侶的發生性關係
3
子宮頸癌成因
子宮頸癌發生時,先會出現子宮頸癌的
前期病變,叫做子宮頸上皮內瘤。子宮頸
癌的成因就是引起子宮頸上皮內瘤的元兇。
類乳突病毒中,有些是屬於高危險致癌
型的病毒,有些是屬於低危險型病毒。一
般而言,可能導致子宮頸癌的人類乳突病
毒是屬於高危險致癌型的病毒。
4
• 當受到人類乳突病毒的感染後,子宮頸的上皮
細胞會因為病毒基因的作用形成子宮頸上皮內
瘤。
• 依據病變的程度,可分為第1級、第2級、第3
級的子宮頸上皮內瘤。第1級的子宮頸上皮內
瘤歸類為低度麟狀上皮內病變,第2級和第3級
的子宮頸上皮內贅瘤歸類為高度麟狀上皮內病
變。高度病變進一步的惡化發展,就變成了子
宮頸癌。
5
Pap smear
所謂抹片篩檢是以抹片棒(spatula)或子
宮頸刷(brush)等器具,採集外子宮頸之上
皮細胞,目前為採集到子宮頸鱗狀上皮與
柱狀上皮交界處,取樣後之細胞將其固定
在玻片上,再利用帕氏染色後透過顯微鏡
檢查是否有可疑性的癌細胞存在。
6
The Clinical Problem
• Cervical cancer is the third leading type of cancer
in women worldwide. There are approximately
530,000 new cases and 275,000 associateddeaths
annually.
• The disease burden is highest in resource-poor
countries, where more than 80% of cases occur.
• Nevertheless,approximately 4000 women die
from cervical cancer each year in the United
States.
7
The Clinical Problem
• HPV-16 is the mostcarcinogenic
type,accounting for half of cervical-cancer
cases.HPV-18, which is implicated in many
cases of endocervical adenocarcinoma,is the
second most carcinogenic type,accounting for
approximately 15% of all cervical cancers.
8
The Clinical Problem
第16型HPV造成的子宮頸癌多為表皮細胞
癌,而第18型造成的多為腺癌,雖然18型
的感染率不如16型那麼高,但18型的致癌
率比16型還要高,且腺癌比表皮細胞癌更
容易轉移。
9
偵測HPV-DNA及第16、18型分型的臨
床意義
10
人類乳突病毒
11
人類乳突病毒
12
The Clinical Problem
• Cervical cancer screening in the United States
should not start until the age of 21 years, since
adolescents are at extremely low risk for
cervical cancer but have high rates of transient
HPV infections and associated minor
cytologic abnormalities.
13
• The risk of cervical precancer and cancer is
very low in the years after a negative HPV test.
• For women in the United States who are 30
years of age or older cotesting with HPV and
cytologic tests every 5 years is an accepted
alternative to cytologic testing alone every 3
years.
14
感染的時間越長,風險也愈增加。總而
言之,HPV感染大多是暫時性的,大約
12~24個月,而免疫力降低的人較可能會持
續感染,最後子宮頸發生病變或轉變成侵
犯性子宮頸癌的機會將很高。
15
Strategies and Evidence
Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion:
若抹片檢查為LSIL,陰道鏡為最適當的檢
查。其他代替方案為每3-6個月重複的抹片
檢查或檢測HPV。LSIL 病灶有相當比例會
恢復為正常。
若無立即colposcopy而3-6個月重複抹片的
結果還是ASCUS,或仍有LSIL或HSIL,則
應立即接受colposcopy。
16
• High-grade Squamous intraepithelial Lesions:
所有HSIL婦女應立即接受colposcopy。
17
HPV在30歲以下的女性族群非常常見,然而
子宮頸癌在這個年齡層卻非常少見。
只有在於抹片出現一種稱為ASCUS的異常,
有一半的人會同時存在有人類乳突病毒的感染,
藉由人HPV檢查可以得知ASCUS是來自人類乳突
病毒感染,還是有其他原因,例如發炎所引起。
18
colposcopy
做陰道鏡檢查時,子宮頸先塗上4%的醋
酸,再透過一個放大10—16倍的顯微鏡觀
察細胞顏色及微血管形狀的變化,在變化
最顯著的地方切片確認是否有侵襲性疾病
或是發炎。
19
陰道鏡檢查與切片確認是CIN1的婦女,因為
大多數的病變會自然消失且沒有肯定的治療方
法,所以可以在6個月後做第二次抹片,如果
連續二年陰道鏡切片是CIN2,則應做一個局部
子宮頸的治療。第二次的抹片報告是HSIL時則
需更進一步的陰道鏡診斷,若第二次抹片報告
是正常時則回到一年一次的常規篩檢。
20
Cost-Effectiveness of Various Screening
Strategies
There has been insufficient comparison of the
cost-effectiveness of various screening options (in
particular, cytologic and HPV cotesting vs. HPV
testing alone).
The addition of cytologic testing to HPV testing
is much more expensive than HPV testing alone .
21
Among the women involved in the Kaiser
Permanente Northern California study, the 5year risk of CIN 3 or cancer after negative
cotests was estimated to be 0.16%, which was
not meaningfully lower than the risk after a
negative HPV test alone (0.17%).
22
It is unclear whether U.S. clinicians and
women who are accustomed to more frequent
Pap tests will accept the extended screening
interval warranted by more sensitive screening.
23
If cotesting were performed at more frequent
intervals, new tests with positive results in
women with previously negative test results
would most likely represent incident HPV
infections, with a low associated risk of HSIL
or cancer.
24
management of Positive Screening Cotests
Less than 10% of women will have a
positive screening result on cotesting.
The various combinations of positive
cytologic categories and HPV test results are
associated with different risks of HSIL or
cancer.
25
management of Positive Screening Cotests
Management options include continued
regular screening, increased surveillance
(shorter screening intervals), or colposcopic
assessment, depending on the risk.
26
management of Positive Screening Cotests
For high-risk combinations (e.g., cytologic HSIL,
regardless of the HPV test result), immediate
colposcopy is warranted.
The associated 5-year risks of histologic HSIL
(approximated by data for CIN 2 and CIN 3) and
cancer and the currently recommended
management are shown in Table 2.
27
28
However, randomized trials of various
management options have not been conducted,
and many recommendations are based on
observational data or expert opinion.
29
management of Positive Screening Cotests
Intensified surveillance is recommended, but
the best timing for repeat testing is uncertain;
longer intervals allow a higher proportion of
infections to clear but result in a greater,
though still small, risk of cancer.
30
management of Positive Screening Cotests
The most recent guidelines recommend
repeat cotesting in 1 year, with referral for
colposcopy if cytologic testing is positive or if
HPV testing remains positive, suggesting
persistent infection.
31
management of Positive Screening Cotests
An alternative is genotyping DNA or RNA
specifically for HPV-16 and HPV-18, with
immediate colposcopy if either of these highestrisk types is found and repeat cotesting in 1 year
if neither type is found.
This is currently the only recommended use of
genotyping to determine individual HPV types.
32
•
Biomarkers have also been proposed to help
identify women who are at particularly high
risk for HSIL and cervical cancer and require
colposcopy.
•
One proposed biomarker measured in a
cytologic specimen is p16.
33
非典型性細胞抹片 (ASCUS )是目前最
常見的異常細胞抹片結果(佔細胞抹片檢
查結果約5%),是臨床診斷具爭議的個案
病例。
在ASC-US的細胞抹片檢測結果,有一
半的婦女有陰性結果但是有致癌HPV。
34
針對上述結果,可能是因為檢查結果細
胞抹片呈現陰性、HPV呈現陽性。
根據細胞抹片、HPV陽性的30歲以上女性
進行HPV16/18基因分型檢測(見下圖),
以及時發現細胞抹片正常結果中存在的CIN
癌前病變高危人群
35
30歲以上,細胞抹片陰性、HPV陽性的女
性如何進行管理
每一年重覆聯合檢測
細胞學陰性
和
HPV檢測陰性
不明確或HPV
檢測陽性
HPV的DNA分型
HPV16或18陽性
陰道鏡檢查
HPV16或18陰性
每一年重覆聯合檢測
三年重覆聯
合檢驗
根據ASCCP指
南進行管理
根據ASCCP指
南進行管理
36
2011年,美國癌症協會與其他組織一起,
制定了預防和發現早期子宮頸癌的篩檢方
法。
37
含有細胞學的檢查在台灣是每三年一次
的間隔時間,而在美國則是每五年一次的檢
查標準,且被判定這些時間間隔的檢查標準
可以有效的減少子宮頸癌發生率及死亡率。
38
在2013年, ASCCP發表更新的篩檢方針來
管理異常的子宮頸結果。
例如:接種了 HPV 疫苗的婦女和未注射
過的婦女一樣,也都必須做子宮頸癌檢查。
39
Conclusions and Recommendations
對於30歲以上的女性,我們會建議HPV和
細胞抹片的聯合測試檢查比單獨細胞學檢
查要來的安全。
41
• 聯合測試檢查可以提高靈敏度,如果兩個結
果都是陰性的,結果的可信度也比較有保證
• 絕大多數女性接受檢查都會有正常的結果,
並於5年重複篩查。
42
43
疫
苗
預防重於治療,疫苗接種可以預防疾病之產
生,HPV疫苗現階段都是預防性疫苗, 是類病
毒微粒之基因重組疫苗,含有病毒蛋白,但不
含病毒 DNA ,能讓身體產生免疫反應,但不
會引發疾病。
44
目前子宮頸癌的預防性疫苗共有兩種,
一種是屬於默克藥廠所發展的疫苗稱之
為 Gardasil(台灣名稱為嘉喜) ,而另一
種則是由葛蘭素藥廠所研發的疫苗稱之
為 Cervirax (台灣名稱為保蓓)。
45
參考文獻
1. 子宮頸癌應如何治療,其治癒率如何?台灣癌症基金會
http://www.canceraway.org.tw/page.asp?IDno=556http://ww
w.canceraway.org.tw/page.asp?IDno=556
2. 臺北榮民總醫院婦女醫學部
http://wd.vghtpe.gov.tw/obgy/i_site.jsp?id=6051
3. 人類乳突狀病毒與子宮頸癌-醫學檢驗百科
http://www.accuspeedy.com.tw/L01_library_1/410_PCR/101
_HPV_cervix_cancer.htm
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4. 康健雜誌
http://m.commonhealth.com.tw/article/article.action?nid=699
81
5. ASCCP 2013年版子宮頸癌篩查指南
http://www.360doc.com/content/15/0207/17/19660925_4470
45989.shtml
6. 林新醫院-衛教知識平台
http://www.lshosp.com.tw/wei/Folder/Obstetrics_Gynecolog
y/OG_008.htm
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謝謝各位聆聽
The end