Transcript Personal control over development.pptx

Personal Control over Development:
Effects on the Perception and Emotional
Evaluation of Personal Development in
Adulthood
DILARA ALTAN
GÜLSEN BALLI
INTRODUCTION

Personal control over development affects the
individual’s specific development. Also there is
a strong relationship between development and
expectancies, values and beliefs because these
are the factors that shape the development.
The tendency to study about developmentrelated control activities has increased
because that is important part of human action
over the lifetime.

Generally developmental psychology interested
with individual’s interaction with social and natural
environment but this concept which is personal
control over development different from other
aspects. This concept has addressed the
intentional or planned control activities. Intentional
or planned control activities helps to individual for
arrange the balance of gains and losses. Values,
expectancies and control beliefs help to regulate
actions.

Especially in adolescence and early adulthood
action plans will be more important. This
means that belief-value systems linked with
personal development. Taking responsibility,
autonomy and personal identity becomes more
important for people and this also explains the
importance of personal control over
development through the adulthood and aging.

Development and aging process is different for
different people. Inter-individual differences
have important role on development related
control activities and emotional evaluating of
personal development in adulthood.
PARTICIPANTS
634 married couples
 Age interval was 30 to 59
 The couples were grouped according to ages.
 There were 5 groups

 30-35
 36-41
 42-47
 48-53
 54-59
VARIABLES
Questionnaire used for data collection
 Focused to theoretical notions

 Personal
Evaluation of developmental goals
 Perceived distance from and approach toward
developmental goals
 Subjectively perceived resources of developmental
control and support
 Emotional Evaluation of personal development
 Behavioral Preferences and tendencies
AGGREGATION OF VARIABLES

Researchers did two type studies for this article
and they benefit from aggregation theory

Aggregation theory: The approach which has
statistical advantages with regard to reliability
and distributional quality of measurements.
Theoretical approach usually collect data from
groups not individuals
ANALYSES OF DATA – STUDY 1

Method
 Path
analyses were used
 Combine
different aggregate indicators and search
for any correlation or relation
 Such
as relation between control beliefs and depression

RESULTS
 According
to correlation data on path-analytic
solution;
 Low personal control over development cause to
cumulative developmental deficits and low
subjective developmental attainment.
 In addition findings indicate that a supportive
marital relationship has a protective function in this
respect.
ANALYSES OF DATA – STUDY 2

METHOD
Two ANOVAs were used to examine effects of personal
control over development on different dimensions with
the regard to possible interaction with age and gender.
 Both analyses involved four factors:

 Personal
control over development (C)
 Age cohort (A)
 Sex (S)
 Goal dimension (G)

Dependent variables were: perceived distances from
developmental goals (for ANOVA 1) and subjective
potential for progress on goal dimensions (for ANOVA 2)
ANOVA 1

Effects of G:
 Highly
significant main effect
 Indicates that perceived distances from
developmental goals vary. with the goal dimension
considered

Effects of S:
 Female
subject significantly experience larger
developmental deficits

Effects of C:
 Significantly
indicates that ; high scores on the
index variable of personal control are clearly
associated with lower subjective developmental
deficits.
ANOVA 2

Effects of G:
 Significantly
showed that subjective potential to
achieve developmental progress clearly depends on
the goal dimension

Effects of A:
 Significantly
show that: regarding to age, subjective
potential for developmental progress decrease

Effects of S:


Females are greater subjective potential for developmental
progress than male respondents
Effects of C:

Highly significant

Individuals with self-percepts of high personal control; give a more
favorable account of their actual developmental situation

They also evaluate more positively their prospects for achieving
further developmental progress through determined efforts.
SUMMARY AND GENERAL DISCUSSION

The aim of the study was to investigate
consequences and correlates of development
related control beliefs on perception and
emotional evaluation of personal development
in adulthood. Questionnaire data was used.
Questions were designed to analyze different
aspects of personal development.
PERSONAL CONTROL OVER DEVELOPMENT AND
DEPRESSION

It was observed that low control over development has a
significant impact on depression. It means that there is a
negative correlation between depression and personal
control over development. Participants who have low PCD
tend to feel more depressed, weak and unhappy but people
who have high Personal control over development tend to
feel hopeful, powerful and positive towards to daily life or
problems encouraged everyday life. Cross-sectional
comparisons of that sample show that; “perceived control
over personally relevant is accompanied by and increases
with age, and that is decrease is accompanied by an
increasingly depressive outlook on personal development.”
(Brandtstadter, Krampen,&Greve,1987).
SELF-CORRECTIVE TENDENCIES

Self - regulation related with personal control over
development and it includes self-monitoring. Self- regulation
divided in to two parts which are primary control (changing
the world) and secondary control (changing the self). Selfcorrective tendencies are more closed with secondary
control. Consequently results showed that, firstly we need to
focus on initial conditions of the insufficient aspects of the
personal development for changing one’s own behavior. Also
self-correction can cause gap between real and ideal self.
Moreover, it can cause identity crises. Also results about self
corrective tendencies presented that, subjective
developmental factors that can improve the corrective
tendencies.
There are two types of motivator for self
corrective action.
1. Negative evaluation of actual developmental
prospects
2. Positive evaluation of changes to improve
developmental prospects by active
intervention


Furthermore; Personal control development
increase the corrective tendencies but PCD
linked with high levels of subjective
developmental attainment.
Briefly, self corrective tendencies can be use as a coping strategies
for identity or developmental problems.
PERSONAL CONTROL OVER DEVELOPMENT AND
SUBJECTIVE DEVELOPMENTAL PROSPECTS
Results of Anova shows that;
 personal control over development has
significant effect on someone’s personal
expectancies and achievement during the
development process.
 High personal control over development affect
one’s emotional development positively.
 Participants who are female report a lower level
of goal attainment than male

Male participants feel more close to their
personal limits of developmental attainment.
(gender differences is not significant for PCD)
 There is a negative correlation between age
and PCD

REFERENCES

Brandtstadter, J., Krampen, G., & Greve, W. (1987). Personal control over
development: Effects on the perception and emotional evaluation of personal
development in adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral
Development,10(1), 99-120.
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