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A Study of Statistical Analysis of the Main Effects and Interaction Effects of Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide for the Carbon Paste Electrode
Modified with Ferrocene
Pao-Tsai Kuo (郭寶財) , Chung-Min Lien (連崇閔) , Hau Lin (林浩)
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Southern Taiwan University
南台科技大學化學工程與材料工程系
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to use the ferrocene to modify the carbon paste electrode. Because the ferrocene(Fe(C5H5)2) possesses the excellent catalytic characteristic, it can be used with the graphite carbon powders which possesses the excellent conductivity
to make the carbon paste electrode and to elevate the responding current of hydrogen peroxide. The responding current of hydrogen peroxide is detected in the phosphate buffer solution(PBS) and then the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide can be
obtained and consequently, the concentration of the glucose can be determined. A study of factorial design involving three factors (operating potential, stirring rate, and pH value of PBS) and two levels was performed to analyze the main effects and
interaction effects of reaction parameters on the average responding current of detection of hydrogen peroxide for the carbon paste electrode modified with ferrocene. The results showed that the main effects of operating potential, stirring rate, and pH value of
PBS were 1.040 µA , 0.240 µA, and 0.829 µA respectively. The operating potential-stirring rate interaction effect was 0.174 µA, operating potential-pH value of PBS interaction effect was 0.323 µA, stirring rate-pH value of PBS interaction effect was 0.067
µA, and operating potential-stirring rate-pH value of PBS interaction effect was 0.257 µA. The results showed that the order of the significant level for main effects was operating potential > pH value of PBS > stirring rate and all the main effects were
positive.
RESULTS
INTRODUCTION
Because hydrogen peroxide is widely used in the food industry for the purpose of preservation nowadays, a rapid and
convenient sensor for detecting the hydrogen peroxide is an important research subject. In recent years, diabetes has become one
of the top ten causes of death for the people in our country. Therefore developing a rapid and convenient glucose biosensor also
has become an important research subject. The glucose and oxygen can be catalyzed by the glucose oxidase and the glucose is
oxidized to gluconic acid and the oxygen is reduced to hydrogen peroxide. The electrode releases the electrons at the reductive
potential and converts the mediator to the reductive state. Then the mediator at the reductive state releases the electrons to reduce
the hydrogen peroxide to water and consequently the mediator at the reductive state is converted to the oxidizing state. The
responding current for detecting the hydrogen peroxide is used to measure the amount of hydrogen peroxide and consequently
determine the concentration of the glucose. Therefore, the detecting technique for the hydrogen peroxide is an important research
subject. Because the ferrocene(Fe(C5H5)2) possesses the excellent catalytic characteristic, it can be used with the graphite carbon
powders which possess the excellent conductivity to make the carbon paste electrode and to elevate the responding current of
hydrogen peroxide. The responding current of hydrogen peroxide is detected in the phosphate buffer solution(PBS) and then the
concentration of the hydrogen peroxide can be obtained and consequently, the concentration of the glucose can be determined. At
30℃, and in 0.05 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS), the CV graphs for (A) carbon paste electrode modified with ferrocene ( the
range of scanning potential: -0.8～+0.8 V) and (B) unmodified carbon paste electrode( the range of scanning potential: -0.8～
+0.8 V) were plotted to show that the responding current for the carbon paste electrode modified with ferrocene was elevated
significantly.
(A)
(B)
Fig 1. CV graphs for (A) carbon paste electrode
modified with ferrocene ( the range of scanning potential:
-0.8～+0.8 V) (B) unmodified carbon paste electrode( the
range of scanning potential: -0.8～+0.8 V)
Table 1 Three factors and two levels of the factorial
design
Table 2 The reaction conditions of the factorial
design
Table 3 Algebraic signs for calculating effects of the
23 factorial design
Table 4 The results of the average responding current
of the sixteen experiments for detection of hydrogen
peroxide
Table 5 The effects for detection of the average
responding current of hydrogen peroxide for the carbon
paste electrode modified with ferrocene
EXPERIMENTAL
1. Equipment
Electrochemical Analyzer (CHI 401A, CH Instruments, Inc) was used to measure the activity of
electrode by Cyclic Voltammetry ( CV ) and Time Base ( TB ) mode ; Electric Stirrer(Fargo) ; pH
meter (Metrohm 731); Constant Temperature Thermal Bath (Wisdom BC-2DT 10L); Oven (DENG
YNG) ; Carbon Paste Electrode was used as the working electrodes, Coiled Platinum Wire was
used as the counter electrode and Ag / AgCl was used as the reference electrode.
2. Chemicals and Reagents
Ferrocene ; Hydrochloric Acid (HCl); Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) ; Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2);
Graphite Carbon Powder( C ); Carbon Paste; Cyclohexanone(C6H10O); Potassium
Dihydrogenphosphate (KH2PO4); Potassium Chloride (KCl).
3. Preparation of the Carbon Paste Electrode
Take one section of 7 cm electric wire with 0.05 cm inside diameter. After depriving the coating
0.5 cm length from both ends, the nake-ended wire was washed, dried and ready for use. Then the
ferrocene powders, graphite carbon powders and carbon paste were mixed with the appropriate
ratio (ferrocene : graphite carbon powders : carbon paste = 0.3 : 0.7 : 1). After the mixing was
complete, the mixture was evenly coated on the nake-ended electric wire and dried in the oven and
then we obtained the carbon paste electrode.
7 cm
0.05 cm
0.5 cm
CONCLUSIONS
The experimental results showed that the responding current for the carbon paste electrode
modified with ferrocene was elevated significantly. A study of factorial design involving three
factors (operating potential, stirring rate, and pH value of PBS) and two levels was performed to
analyze the main effects and interaction effects of reaction parameters on the average responding
current of detection of hydrogen peroxide for the carbon paste electrode modified with ferrocene.
The results showed that the main effects of operating potential, stirring rate, and pH value of PBS
were 1.040 µA , 0.240 µA, and 0.829 µA respectively. The operating potential-stirring rate
interaction effect was 0.174 µA, operating potential-pH value of PBS interaction effect was 0.323 µA,
stirring rate-pH value of PBS interaction effect was 0.067 µA, and operating potential-stirring ratepH value of PBS interaction effect was 0.257 µA. The results showed that the order of the significant
level for main effects was operating potential > pH value of PBS > stirring rate.
Ferrocene
REFERENCES
1. Montgomery, D. C., Design and Analysis of Experiments, 2001, 5th Edition, 170-286.
Mixing with equal
amount of carbon
paste
2. Pandey, P. C. ; Upadhyay, S., Sensors and Actuators B, 2001, 76, 193-198.
3. Uang, Y-M. ; Chou, T.-C., Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2003, 19, 141-147.
Graphite
carbon powders
4. Guo, C. ; Hu, F. ; Li, C. M. ; Shen, P. K., Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2008, 24, 819-824.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING, SOUTHERN TAIWAN UNIVERSITY