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Wendy Hunter，Tony Worsley
Received in revised form 4 September 2008
指導老師：劉以琳 老師
學生：吳孟穎(M99F0101)
 In the 1980s it was reported that this generation only had a
moderate interest in living a healthy lifestyle and it was
thought that this was not due solely to lack of knowledge
on health issues but that there was a greater emphasis
placed on enjoying the taste of food rather than whether it
was healthy or not (Belasco, 1989).
這一代的人不是純粹是缺乏健康知識問題，有一個更大的重點在於對
享受食物的味道而無論是否健康。
 So it is not surprising that many of the health issues that
currently affect Baby boomers and older adults are diet and
lifestyle-related diseases.
所以並不令人驚訝的是目前許多影響嬰兒潮和老年人的健康問題是和
飲食和生活方式有關的疾病。
 nor that there is concern that population ageing is a major
priority for the community at large because of its associated adverse health care costs (Slack-Smith & Laverty, 2005)
and increased burden on the healthcare system (NATSEM,
2004).
令人優先擔憂的是人口老齡化，因為它有害醫療保健的花費，增加對
醫療體制的負擔。
 What is less controversial, however, is that the econ-
omic costs of ageing depend upon whether the Baby
boomers are high income or low income.
較不具爭議的是老年時期所具有的經濟能力，依據嬰兒潮出生的人們
的收入的高低。
 Yet Hamilton and Hamilton (2006) found that regar-
dless of income level, Baby boomers believe that the
age pension is insufficient for a secure future.
Hamilton and Hamilton（2006）發現，無論其收入水平，嬰兒潮一
代認為養老金是不夠安全的未來。
 Consistent with this view, an American study condu-
cted in 2005 found a substantial increase (from 11% to
26%), in the number of Baby boomers who are concerned or worried about retirement due to a perceived
decrease in their quality of life and standard of living
(MetLife Mature Market and Institute, 2005).
根據這點，美國在2005年進行的研究發現了在嬰兒潮出生的一些人關
心或擔心退休會降低他們生活質量和生活標準的比例大幅增加（從 11
％至26％）。
 It is clear then that there is an urgent need to encou-
rage healthy food choices and good nutrition to facilitate healthy ageing and nutritional needs change with
ageing (Horwath, Kouris-Blazos, Savige, & Wahlqvist,
1999).
很明顯的，健康食物的選擇和良好的營養促進健康老齡化和營養需要
的變化與老齡問題是迫切需要被鼓勵的。
 Therefore the main aim of this study was to determine
whether Baby boomers know how they would manage
to maintain a healthy diet on lower incomes in retirement.
因此這項研究的主要目的是確定嬰兒潮一代是否知道他們在退休的低
收入時如何管理維護健康的飲食習慣。
 It was hypothesised that (a) Baby boomers and older
adults would have different food shopping and preparation habits to younger adults and (b) Baby boomers
and older adults would anticipate making substantial
changes to their food shopping and preparation in the
future, whilst younger adults would expect to maintain
current practices.
本研究的假設是：
（a）嬰兒潮一代和老年人跟年輕的成年人會有不同的購物和準備食
物的習慣
（b）嬰兒潮一代和老年人在將來的購物與準備食物方面預計有重大
變動，而年輕的成年人預計將維持現行做法。
 Whilst the study was focussed on those aged 40 years
and over , those less than 40 years of age were included
to allow for comparisons across different age groups.
雖然這項研究是集中在40歲及以上，不到40歲則被列入允許在不同的
年齡組比較。
 Two researchers were stationed outside two key food
retailers in outer Melbourne, one in the City of
Maroondah and the other in the City of Boroondara
over a period of 3 days from 9 a.m. through to 5.30 p.m.
with posters and information leaflets displaying
details of the project.
兩個研究人員駐守在墨爾本兩個關鍵食品零售商外，一個在Maroondah另一個在Boroondara，為期3天，從上午9時至下午五時三十分，
透過宣傳海報及資料傳單顯示詳細的項目。
 One hundred and sixty people were approached but
gave a direct and immediate refusal to participate (18%
of total sample), thus the overall response rate was
39%. Reasons given for refusal included being too
busy/in a hurry, not interested or that they did not
believe they would have anything to contribute.
一百六十名直接和立即拒絕參加 (18%的總樣本)，因此整體回應率為
39%。理由拒絕包括正在太忙/在匆忙，不感興趣，或他們不相信他
們會有什麼貢獻。
 Question 1
 What kind of meals are you most likely to prepare
both now and in the future. Items included(a) food
made only from scratch ingredients; (b) food made
from frozen or convenience products; (c) take-away
foods; (d) foods made from a combination of fresh and
convenience products; (e) meals make in bulk on a
budget
在現在和未來，你最有可能準備什麼樣的飯菜。項目包括：（一）單
純的原料或成分（二）製成冷凍食品及方便的產品（三）外賣的食物
（四）新鮮方便的食品（五）散裝的餐點
 Question 2
 In response to an open question, participants were
asked to write down the changes they would make to
their food shopping if they had less money to spend
when they retired.
回答一個開放的問題，參與者被要求寫下當他們退休後有較少收入時，
他們會對飲食購物的改變。
 Frequency analyses were conducted on the demograp-
hic variables to determine the distribution of the data.
Contingency table analyses (using chi-square tests)
were used to examine differences in present and future
cooking habits between gender, age (19–39, 40–59, 60–
80 years) and socio-economic groups. The Descriptives
program of SPSS Version 14.01 was used (Crosstabs
procedure with chi-square statistics) and a significance
level of p _ 0.01 was used.
交叉分析在人口統計學的變數上被引導決定資料的分配。交叉分析
（用卡方檢驗）被用來研究目前和將來在性別、年齡（19-39，40-59，
60-80歲）和社會經濟團體的不同的烹飪習慣。使用SPSS版本14.01
（交叉表程序與卡方統計），並且p=0.01為顯著。
 Thematic qualitative content analysis was conducted
on the responses to the open-ended question 2.
本研究的質性內容分析，在開放式問題 2進行了反應。
 To ensure reliability of coding two members of the
research team independently coded the answers and
then compared results.
為了確保編碼可靠性，研究的兩個成員團隊獨立編碼，然後進行比較
結果。
 In order to try to understand the older food consumer
and how they differ from younger generations, in this
study participants were asked to predict their future
food shopping and preparation behaviours and well as
reporting on current practices.
為了試著了解老年的食品消費，以及他們和年輕一代的不同點，參與
這項研究的人被要求預測未來對食物的消費和準備上的行為，同時述
說本身目前的做法。
 The results did not support the second hypothesis,
that Baby boomers and older adults would make changes in the future, whilst younger adults would continue with current food behaviours.
此結果並不支持第二種假設，即嬰兒潮一代和老年人將在未來有所改
變，即較年輕的成年人將持續他們目前食物的消費行為。
 For present day food preparation age, marital status
and work arrangements were significantly associated
with the use of convenience/frozen foods and takeaway foods.
現今要準備食物的一代，婚姻狀況和工作安排，在便利/冷凍食品和
外賣食品的使用上有顯著的關係。
 Age was significantly associated with anticipated use
of take-away food in the future, as was making meals
in bulk, whereas marital status was associated with the
use of convenience/frozen foods.
在未來，隨著餐點被大量做出時，年齡和外賣食品的使用上有明顯關
係，而婚姻狀況和方便/冷凍食品的使用較相關。
 Relationship between age and food preparation
 Younger adults in this study were three times more
likely to currently prepare convenience/frozen foods
and over five times more likely to use take-away foods
than those aged 60 years and over.
在這項研究中，相較於那些年齡在60歲及以上，有三倍以上年輕的成
年人準備方便/冷凍食品，超過五倍以上使用外賣食品。
 Wu (2007) suggests that younger people might define
convenience differently to older generations. He argues
that for younger people convenience is more aligned
with easy access to foods, recipes and cooking tips
from the internet, whereas for older generations it is
purchasing ready-made products that need minimal
preparation.
Wu（2007）認為，年輕人對方便的定義與老一代不同。他認為，年
輕人們認為的方便，是從網路上容易獲得相同的食物，食譜和烹飪技
巧，而老一代是購買需要最少的準備的現成品。
 A recent study of older people’s intentions to eat
convenience foods across eight European countries
found that intentions to eat convenience foods were
very low, which may have been due to low perceived
need and low perceived social pressure to eat these
foods (Saba et al., 2008).
最近一項對8個歐洲國家老年人吃方便食品的研究中，發現有非常低
的意願吃方便食品，這可能是由於對吃這類食物有較低的需要和社會
壓力意識。
 Marital status and food preparation
 Those who were single or widowed were twice as likely
to currently use convenience/frozen foods compared to
those who were married and more than one and a half
times likely to make meals in bulk use of convenience/frozen foods in the future.
相較於有婚姻者，那些單身或喪偶者有兩倍的可能性使用方便/冷凍
食品，而結婚超過一年半者，可能在未來準備餐點時，會較大份量以
及使用方便/冷凍食品。
 Some studies have found that women in their role of
‘gatekeepers’ of family food provision are influenced by the desire to cater to the family’s food preferences and minimise conflict at mealtimes (Hursti &
Sjoden, 1997; Wansink, 2006), therefore it is possible
that those who live with others may be less inclined to
prepare food in bulk and serve ‘leftovers’ if these
are not well received by the other family members.
一些研究發現，女性是‘家庭裡提供實務的看門人’角色被滿足家人飲
食上偏好和減少衝突的希望所影響著，因此與他人同住的人較不會大
量的準備食物以及提供剩菜再製的食物，以免不和家裡成員的需求。
 Work arrangements and food preparation
 Participants who were currently working full time were
twice as likely to consume take-away foods as those
who were working part time or not in paid work.
全職工作的受訪者相較於兼職或者待職者，有兩倍的可能性會消費外
賣食物。
 Another factor associated with consuming take-away
food was full time employment.
另一個與消費外賣食品有關的因素是工作性質。
 Future shopping and preparation
 The perception that changes to food shopping would
be needed in the future seemed quite entrenched amongst the sample, even though many of the participants were of an age where superannuation would have
been part of their salary package.
在樣本中對於需要改變未來購買食品的想法相當根深蒂固的，儘管退
休金將只會是他們薪資的部分。
 Whilst some participants proposed making purchas-
ing changes , which may have positive effects on the
future health of participants, a number also said they
would buy cheaper cuts of meat and brands of food.
雖然一些與會者建議做出購物的改變，對於參與者未來健康上將有正
面的影響，這個數字也表示，他們將購買便宜的碎肉和品牌的食品。
 Furthermore, excluding certain foods may result in po-
or nutritional outcomes. In the US divorced and widowed women are at greater risk of consuming fewer vegetables than those who are married (Lee et al., 2005).
此外，不攝取某些食物，將會造成營養不良的結果。在美國，離婚和
喪偶婦女比那些有婚姻者有著食用較少蔬菜的風險。
 The results of this study did not indicate that older
adults and those who are single or widowed expect to
have their food behaviours affected by changes in
retirement income. Indeed it was younger adults and
Baby boomers who expected changes in their future
finances to have an effect on their food purchasing
behaviours.
這項研究的結果並沒有表明，老年人和那些單身或喪偶者有因退休收
入不同而影響他們飲食的行為。事實上，年輕成人和嬰兒潮一代預期
未來的經濟對於他們購買食物的行為有影響。
 Similarly the future scenario questions used in this
study are not necessarily predictive of future actions as
other unforeseen events may influence the respondents’ behaviours, although they may provide us with a
guide to how people are responding to current cost of
living increases.
同樣，在本研究中使用的問題，並不一定能預測今後的行為，雖然他
們提供了一個人們如何面對現今生活費用高漲時的準則，但因為存在
著其他不可預見的事件，可能會影響受訪者的行為。
 The results suggest that there is a need for encourag-
ing Baby boomers to plan for their future, for food providers to develop healthy options at affordable prices,
and, for policy makers to ensure that future policy and
program developments recognise the future needs and
expectations of an ageing population.
結果顯示，必須鼓勵嬰兒潮人們為他們的未來做計劃，食品供應商開
發在合理價格內的健康食品，對於政策制定者而言，要確保未來的政
策和方案須顧及到未來人口老齡化的需要和期望。