Transcript L8learning
Learning Chapter 7 What is the purpose of learning? Associative Learning Learning to associate one stimulus with another. 3 CONDITIONING = LEARNING Classical Conditioning I. Classical Conditioning A. Acquisition Tone Tone Meat Powder Salivation Meat Powder Salivation Salivation Pavlov Pavlov Pixie Powder Salivation Pixie Powder Salivation Salivation While George was having a cavity filled by his dentist, the drill hit a nerve that had not been dulled by anesthetic, a couple of times. Each time he cringed in pain. George now gets anxious each time he sees the dentist. The drill hitting a nerve A. B. C. D. Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Every time a psychology instructor enters the classroom, she goes straight to the board to write an outline on it. Unfortunately, she has long finger nails and each time she writes the outline, her nails screech on the board, making students cringe. After a few weeks of this, students cringe at the sight of the teacher entering the classroom. Sight of the teacher A. B. C. D. Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response LaToya was viciously bitten by a chihuahua. Now when she sees chihuahuas, she’s frightened. Being frightened by chihuahuas now A. B. C. D. Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response I. Classical Conditioning A. Acquisition B. Extinction C. Spontaneous recovery D. Generalization E. Discrimination Spontaneous Recovery 12 Stimulus Generalization 13 Famous Experiment • “Little Albert” – John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FKZAYt77 ZM&feature=related Operant & Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning forms associations between stimuli (CS and US). Operant conditioning, on the other hand, forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96FbaWHk 15 Operant Conditioning I. Operant Conditioning A. Law of Effect B. Shaping C. Reinforcement 1. Types a. b. Positive Negative Reinforcement Add good Remove bad Punishment Add bad Remove good Positive Negative Shaping • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DWbV5V KZxc Davidson College A. Positive Reinforcement C. Positive Punishment B. Negative Reinforcement D. Negative Punishment 1. When Olivia makes rude noises at the dinner table, she gets her mouth washed out with soap. She doesn’t make rude noises that often anymore. 2. Little Joey gets yelled at when he acts up in class. Now he’s acting up even more. 3. Because Tameka earned an A in each of her classes, she doesn’t have to do her usual chore of vacuuming this month. She’s studying even more now. 4. Ray came home past his curfew, so he was not allowed to drive for the following week. He hasn’t missed a curfew since. A. Positive Reinforcement C. Positive Punishment B. Negative Reinforcement D. Negative Punishment 5. Maria put in extra hours at work helping her boss finish a major project. She received a big bonus for her contributions. She’s now looking for other ways to contribute at work. 6. When Thuy and Gurpreet were running around the living room, they crashed into the Playstation, breaking it. They now carefully walk through the living room. 7. Chandler’s girlfriend, Monica, keeps bugging him to take her dancing. He finally agrees, and she quits bugging him. The next time she starts bugging him, he quickly agrees to do whatever it is. (Chandler’s behavior is changing.) 8. Monica’s boyfriend, Chandler, gives in when she starts bugging him about something. Now whenever she wants something, she just starts bugging him. (Monica’s behavior is changing.) Reinforcement Schedules Intrinsic vs External Motivation • Why do you want to do a good job learning psychology in this class? Learning by Observation © Herb Terrace ©Herb Terrace 25 Mirror Neurons Reprinted with permission from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Subiaul et al., Science 305: 407-410 (2004) © 2004 AAAS. 26 – Albert Bandura • Bobo Doll Experiment Courtesy of Albert Bandura, Stanford University Observational Learning: Modeling Observational Learning ACTagainstViolence.org What impact is television having on people?