Transcript specific issues - European External Action Service

evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
s a r C e v i
ev­ro­kav­SirTan v­aW­ro­baSi
arsebu­li satarifo­ da arasatarifo­ barierebi
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ev­ro­kav­SirTan v­aW­ro­baSi arsebu­li
arasatarifo­ barierebis ko­nkretu­li magaliTebi
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ev­ro­kav­Siris erTiani baz­ris Seq­mna, misi ganv­iTareba
da fu­nq­cio­nirebis mniSv­nelo­v­ani aspeq­tebi
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ev­ro­kav­Siris mier ganv­iTarebadi
q­v­ey­nebis mimarT o­rmxriv­ da mrav­almxriv­
fo­rmatebSi warmo­ebu­li sav­aW­ro­ po­litika
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saq­arTv­elo­sa da ev­ro­kav­Sirs So­ris v­aW­ro­bis amJamad
arsebu­li sakano­nmdeblo­ baz­a da misi gafarTo­ebis
mimarTu­lebiT dagegmili Semdgo­mi nabijebi
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Summary: Exporting to the European Union market - Specific issues
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evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
evrokavSirTan vaWrobaSi arsebuli satarifo
da arasatarifo barierebi
ganviTarebadi qveynebis1 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi
aucilebeli poroba MmaTi saeqsporto SesaZleblobebis msoflio
bazarze maqsimaluri realizaciaa. swored es aZlevs am qveynebs
ekonomikuri zrdisa da, Sesabamisad, siRaribis efeqturad daZlevis axal SesaZleblobebs.
saqarTvelos
ganviTarebis
dRevandel
etapze
qarTveli
mwarmoeblebisaTvis
didi
mniSvneloba
aqvs
strategiuli
TvalsazrisiT erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan bazarTan evrokavSirTan vaWrobis zogadi da konkretuli sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb informaciis gamartivebuli saxiT miwodebas. es sakiTxi
gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa rusuli embargos fonze, romlis
Sedegad qarTuli produqciis mraval saxeobas realizaciis
realuri problemebi Seeqmna.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis maRali tempis SesanarCuneblad, uaRresad mniSvnelovania
eqsportis diversificireba, anu saqarTveloSi warmoebuli produqciis tradiciuli bazrebidan (ruseTi, centraluri azia da Aa.S.)
evropuli, umaRlesi standartebis bazarze gadamisamarTeba. bunebrivia, rom swori savaWro politikis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, 500
mln-ze meti evropeli momxmareblis momcveli bazari nebismieri
mwarmoeblisaTvis uaRresad mimzidvelia (dasavleT balkaneTisa
da TurqeTis evrokavSirSi SesaZlo gawevrianebis procesis dasrulebis Semdeg momxmarebelTa raodenobam SeiZleba 800 mln-s
gadaaWarbos). E
evrokavSirTan integracia saqarTvelos sagareo politikis erTerT mTavar prioritetad rCeba. amdenad, saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan integraciis kursis SesanarCuneblad, ekonomikuri integracia
uaRresad mniSvnelovania.
evrokomisiis
internet-gverdze
(www.europa.eu.int) naTqvamia,
rom “evrokavSiri saqarTvelos ganixilavs e.w. gardamavali
ekonomikis qveynad, romelic evrokavSiris mxridan sargeblobs
droebiTi (ad-hoc) sabazro ekonomikuri midgomiT” (market economy
treatment). zrdis zogadi tendenciis miuxedavad, evrokavSirsa
da saqarTvelos Soris savaWro brunva mcire da arasakmarisad
diversificirebulia, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac saqme saqarTvelodan
evrokavSirSi eqsports Seexeba. ratom xdeba ase? erTi SexedviT,
1 ganviTarebad qveynebad iwodebian is qveynebi, romelTac SedarebiT dabali cxovrebis done da erT sul mosaxleze Semosavlis SedarebiT mcire
maCvenebeli aqvT, Tumca ekonomikuri ganviTarebis fazaSi imyofebian.
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
msoflio savaWro sistemaSi monawileobisaTvis saqarTvelos
erTob xelsayreli pirobebi aqvs Seqmnili – qveyana sargeblobs
evrokavSiris
preferenciaTa
(SeRavaTebis)
ganzogadebuli
sistemiT (GSP) gaTvaliswinebuli satarifo SeRavaTebiT (romelTa
Sesaxebac qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT visaubrebT), aris vaWrobis
msoflio organizaciis wevri, sargeblobs sxvadasxva donorebis,
maT Soris evrokavSiris finansuri da teqnikuri daxmarebiT da
a.S. maS ra aris mizezi imisa, rom saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs
Soris vaWrobis moculoba Seqmnili pirobebis araadeqvaturia da
saqarTvelo arasrulad iyenebs arsebul potencials?
rogorc gamocdileba gviCvenebs, evrokavSirTan vaWrobaSi mesame qveynebi2 metnaklebi warmatebiT axerxeben e.w. satarifo, anu
administraciuli barierebis, rogoricaa magaliTad, sabaJo da
sxva administraciuli procedurebi, gadalaxvas da mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegobebi eqmnebaT arasatarifo barierebis daZlevis
procesSi. arasatarifo barierSi igulisxmeba is teqnikuri (maT
Soris, sanitaruli Tu fitosanitaruli) standartebi, romlebsac
produqcia unda akmayofilebdes evrokavSiris bazarze SesaRwevad. maTSi aseve moiazreba sertificirebisa da produqciis warmoSobis moTxovnebi da sxva. unda aRiniSnos, rom arasatarifo
barierebis uaryofiTi gavlena globaluri vaWrobis sistemis
ganviTarebaze aramxolod evrokavSirTan ormxriv vaWrobaSi SeiniSneba. Sesabamisad, maTi Semcirebis sakiTxi vaWrobis msoflio
organizaciis farglebSi mimdinare “doha-s ganviTarebis raundis” molaparakebebSic aris CarTuli. am ukanasknelsac Semdeg
TavebSi ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.
winamdebare publikacia - pirveli saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs
Soris vaWrobis specifikasTan dakavSirebul publikaciaTa
ciklidan - iZleva im satarifo da arasatarifo barierebis
ganmartebebs, romelTa daZleva, evrokavSirTan vaWrobis procesSi,
mesame qveynebs, maT Soris saqarTvelos, uwevT.
xazgasasmelia, rom evrokavSiris erTian bazarze SesaRwevad
rTuli moTxovnebia dasakmayofilebeli. Aam moTxovnaTa sirTule
nakarnaxevia evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoTa surviliT, erTis
mxriv, maqsimalurad daicvan sakuTari moqalaqeebis janmrTeloba,
xolo meores mxriv, evrokavSiris Sida bazarze samarTliani
konkurenciis pirobebi Seqmnan, anu ar dauSvan sakuTar bazarze
iseT pirobebSi da iseT teqnologiebiT damzadebuli produqciis
2 mesame qveynebad iwodebian is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic ar arian evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi, im qveynebis CaTvliT, romlebic evrokavSirTan
specialuri politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebiT sargebloben (evrokavSiris asocirebuli wevri qveynebi, evrokavSirTan stabiluriobisa
da asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebiT dakavSirebuli qveynebi, a.S.).
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
Semosvla, romelic evrokavSiris standartebs ar Seesabameba,
Sesabamisad dabali TviTRirebuleba aqvs da amiT bazarze garkveul
upiratesobas flobs.
evrokavSiris arasatarifo barierebis daZleva garTulebulia
im mizeziTac, rom es barierebi evrokavSiris institutebis mier
damtkicebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa da evrokavSiris wevri
qveynebis erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis rTuli sinTezis Sedegia.
Sagulisxmoa isic, rom xsenebuli sinTezuri sakanonmdeblo baza
mudmivad ganaxlebis procesSia da, Sesabamisad, masSi Sesuli
cvlilebebis mkacr monitorings saWiroebs.
evrokavSiris bazarze produqciis importis damabrkolebeli faqtori SeiZleba iyos rogorc produqciis teqnikuri standarti da
sertificirebis moTxovna, aseve produqciis warmoSobis dacva, xarisxis kontroli, momxmarebelTa dacva, sabaJo da biurokratiuli
procedurebi, garemos dacviTi zomebi da a.S.
imis sademonstraciod, Tu rogor abrkolebs evrokavSiris
barierebi mesame qveynebidan eqsports isic gamodgeba, rom
evrokavSiris sanitaruli da fitosanitaruli normebis gamo,
afrikis qveynebidan evrokavSiris bazarze eqsporti maTi sruli
potencialis mxolod 36%-s Seadgens.
evrokavSiris arawevr qveynebSi da konkretulad Cvens regionSi mcirea im kompaniaTa ricxvi, romlebic icnoben evrokavSiris
savaWro kanonmdeblobas. amdenad, evropul bazarze orientirebul
kompaniaTa did umravlesobas Sesabamisi axsna-ganmartebiTi samuSaoebis Catareba esaWiroeba. sagulixmoa, rom Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis Sesabamisad, magaliTad, dasavleT balkaneTis qveynebSi
registrirebuli kompaniebis 48% ar icnobs evrokavSiris bazris
ZiriTad princi pebs da mxolod 9%-a met-naklebad informirebuli
evrokavSiris Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis Taobaze. am fonze Zneli
warmosadgeni ar aris, Tu ra mdgomareobaa aRniSnuli kuTxiT Cvens
regionSi.
evrokavSiris bazris damcavi meqanizmebis SemuSavebisa da efeqturi kontrolis gawevis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli roli
evrokavSiris institutebs, kerZod ki evrokomisias ekisreba. magaliTisaTvis, evrokomisiis janmrTelobisa da momxmarebelTa dacvis generaluri direqtorati ayalibebs sasursaTo produqciis
usafrTxoebis saerTo-evropul standartebs da mesame qveynebidan importirebuli sasursaTo produqtebis monitoringis wesebs. mniSvnelovani roli akisria evrokavSiris wevr qveynebsac.
TiToeuli wevri qveyana, mesame qeynebidan importirebuli produqciisaTvis SeimuSavebs damatebiT moTxovnebs. amasTan, Tavisi moTxovnebi aqvT sarealizacio da sadistribucio organizaciebs,
magaliTad sacalo da sabiTumo qselebs. Sesabamisad, mesame qvey-
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
nis kompaniebs evrokavSiris bazarze produqciis sarealizaciod
moTxovnaTa zemoaRniSnuli sami wyebis dakmayofileba uwevT.
evrokavSiris bazris maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo sistemis sirTulis sademonstraciod evrokavSiris ramodenime reglaments warmogidgenT: evrokavSiris ganawesi # 852/2004 aregulirebs soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoebis higienur
wesebs, romelTa mixedviTac mesame qveynis pasuxismgebelma organom xsenebuli produqciis warmoebis procesis monitoringi
unda awarmoos. evrokavSiris ganawesi # 2073/2005 gansazRvravs
xilisa da bostneulis mikrobiologiuri Semadgenlobis moTxovnebs, xolo evrokavSiris ganawesi # 29/2000 mcenareTa im
CamonaTvals Seicavs, romelTac evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportirebisas fitosanitaruli sertifikati unda axldes. xsenebuli sertifikati unda mowmobdes, rom produqcia Tavisufalia
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli daavadebebisagan.
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, evrokavSiris erTiani bazari,
saxelwodebis miuxedavad, ar emorCileba kanonmdeblobis erTian
sistemas da erToblivad regulirdeba rogorc evrokavSiris
kanonmdeblobis, ise evrokavSiris wevr qveyanTa erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis mier. swored amitom, broSuraTa ciklis Seqmnis mTavar mizans evrokavSiris satarifo da arasatarifo barierebTan dakavSirebuli im sakanonmdeblo aqtebis qarTveli
mwarmoeblebisaTvis gasageb enaze gadmocema da maTi konkretul rekomendaciebad Camoyalibeba warmoadgens, romelTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe qarTvel eqsportiorebs evrokavSiris bazarze produqciis realizaciis procesSi gadaulaxavi sirTuleebi
SeeqmnebaT.
evrokavSirTan vaWrobaSi arsebuli arasatarifo
barierebis konkretuli magaliTebi
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mesame qveynis produqciis evrokavSiris
bazarze
SesaRwevad
aucilebelia, rom
is
evrokavSiris
bazris iseT mkacr sakanonmdeblo moTxovnebs akmayofilebdes,
rogorebicaa janmrTelobis usafrTxoeba, garemos dacva da
sxva. xsenebuli kanonmdebloba, rogorc wesi, gansazRvravs
produqciis maxasiaTeblebsa da misi warmoebis meTodebs, aseve
moicavs produqciasTan dakavSirebul terminologias, simbolikas,
dafasoebis, SefuTvis, markirebis da etiketirebis moTxovnebs.
e.w. “Sesabamisobis Sefasebis procedurebi” ki gansazRvraven am
moTxovnebis Sesrulebis mdgomareobas.
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
mesame qveynebidan importirebuli produqciisaTvis evrokavSirisa da misi wevri qveynebis mier dawesebul moTxovnebze saubrisas kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom evrokavSiris bazris arasatarifo barierebi evrokavSirisa da misi wevri qveynebis kanonmdeblobaTa rTul sinTezs warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, produqciis
saxeobidan gamomdinare, misi evrokavSiris bazarze Setana SesaZloa eqvemdebarebodes mxolod evrokavSiris, an rogorc arcTu
iSviaTad xdeba, evrokavSirisa da misi calkeuli wevri qveynis
savaWro kanonmdeblobas. aRniSnulis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens mineraluri da sasmeli wyali. wyali produqciis is
iSviaTi saxeobaa, romlis evrokavSiris qveynebSi importi ZiriTadad am qveynebis kanonmdeblobiT regulirdeba. miuxedavad amisa,
evrokavSirSi importirebulma mineralurma da sasmelma wyalma
mainc unda daakmayofilos evrokavSiris mier dawesebuli sasursaTo usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi.
mesame qveynebidan evrokavSiris bazarze eqsports evrokavSiris
sami saxis sakanonmdeblo aqti aregulirebs, esenia:
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evroregulaciebi – romelTac pirdapiri moqmedeba aqvT
da ar saWiroeben evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis erovnul
kanonmdeblobebSi asaxvas.
evrodireqtivebi - romlebic savaldebuloa evrokavSiris yvela
wevri qveynisaTvis da moiTxoven erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi
asaxvas. amasTan, evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs eZlevaT saSualeba,
erovnuli kanonmdeblobis saSualebiT Tavad gansazRvron am
direqtivebiT gaTvaliswinebuli miznebis Sesrulebis gzebi;
evrokavSiris sabWos gadawyvetilebebi - individualuri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis gziT, evrokavSiris institutebs
eZlevaT berketebi, Sesabamisi zomebi gaataron konkretuli
pirebis, kompaniebis an wevri qveynis mimarT.
mesame qveynebTan vaWrobisas evrokavSirisaTvis prioritetulia
moqalaqeebis
janmrTelobis
maqsimaluri
dacva,
ris
uzrunvelsayofadac evrokavSiri farTod iyenebs arasatarifo
barierebs, kerZod ki e.w. “evrostandartebs” rogorc samrewvelo,
aseve sasursaTo produqciisaTvis. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, qvemoT
mogvyavs
evrokavSiris
zogierTi
moTxovna
janmrTelobis
usafrTxoebis sferoSi. amasTan, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT,
evrokavSiris arasatarifo barierebi da maT Soris, evrokavSiris
kanonmdeblobis es nawili sistematiurad ganaxlebis procesSia.
gadamuSavebuli produqciis markireba niSniT “CE” mesame qveynebidan evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportirebisaTvis dawesebuli
moTxovnaa, romelic gansazRvravs, rom evrokavSiris bazarze Se-
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
motanili produqcia usafrTxoa momxmareblis janmrTelobisaTvis. “CE” markirebis moTxovna savaldebuloa gadamamuSavebuli
mrewvelobis produqciis farTo CamonaTvalisaTvis. arsebobs
produqciis sami jgufi, romelsac aucileblad unda gaaCndes
“CE” markireba, esenia:
1.
2.
3.
yvela axali produqcia, warmoebuli rogorc evrokavSiris
wevr, aseve sxva qveynebSi;
evrokavSirSi mesame qveynebidan importirebuli gamoyenebuli
da meoradi moxmarebis produqcia;
arsebiTad modificirebuli produqcia, romelzec axali
produqtebis msgavsad, Sesabamisi evrodireqtivebi vrceldeba.
“CE” markireba ar gamoiyeneba magaliTad avejis, tyavisa da
zogierT safeiqro nawarmze. “CE” markirebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia
rogorc evrokavSiris, ise mis arawevr qveyanas, Tu am ukanasknelis
“Sesabamisobis Sefasebis sistema” Sesabamisi evrodireqtivebis
moTxovnebs akmayofilebs. “CE” markireba unda gakeTdes uSualod
produqtze, mkafiod da advilad SesamCnev adgilas da iolad ar
unda ziandebodes. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu markirebis gakeTeba uSualod produqtze SeuZlebelia, unda moxdes SefuTvis markireba.
produqciis ZiriTadi CamonaTvali, romelsac aucileblad unda
gaaCndes “CE” markireba, Semdegia:
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samSeneblo masalebi;
mgzavrTa gadayvanisaTvis gankuTvnili sabagiroebi;
saqvabeebi;
eleqtromacivrebi, sayinuleebi da sxva msgavsi
danadgarebi;
samedicino xelsawyoebi;
wnevis rezervuarebi;
feTqebadi airebis Sesanaxi aRWurviloba;
feTqebadi masalebi samoqalaqo miznebisaTvis;
eleqtroliftebi;
bunebrivi airis teqnikuri aRWurviloba;
eleqtroaRWurviloba;
manqana-danadgarebi;
araavtomaturi asawoni mowyobilobebi;
piradi usafrTxoebis aRWurviloba;
radio da satelekomunikacio mowyobilobebi;
saTamaSoebi;
sazRvao mowyobilobebi;
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
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SesafuTi masalebi;
Cqarosnuli sarkinigzo sistemebi da a.S.
evrokavSirSi sursaTisa da sakvebis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs
awesrigebs 2002 wlis No178/2002 reglamenti,3 romelic sursaTis
Sesaxeb evrokavSiris kanonis saxeliTaa cnobili. am kanonis ZiriTadi mizania, uzrunvelyos adamianTa janmrTelobis da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva, aseve, gaiTvaliswinos garemos dacviTi
sakiTxebi. am miznis misaRwevad, sursaTis Sesaxeb kanoni efuZneba
im riskebis detalur analizs, romelsac evrokavSiris bazarze
importirebuli konkretuli produqcia Seicavs. aseve, zedamxedvelobis im princi ps, romelic evrokavSirSi sasursaTo produqciis importis yvela stadiaze (miwodeba, damuSaveba, warmo-eba,
ganawileba da a.S) aucilebeli kontrolis ganxorcielebas gulisxmobs. am kuTxiT sursaTis Sesaxeb kanons, bunebrivia, mesame qveynebis eqsportiorebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba.
evrokavSirSi warmatebiT funqcionirebs sursaTis uvneblobis
specialuri kontrolis sistema - ,,safrTxis analizi da kritikuli kontrolis punqtebi~ (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
- HACCP). es aris prevenciuli sistema, romelic sursaTis warmoebisa da realizaciis yvela etapze riskebis identificirebas da
maT aRmofxvras emsaxureba. Aam sistemiT xdeba rogorc evrokavSirSi warmoebuli sursaTis, ise evrokavSiris bazarze sasursaTo
produqciis importis procesis kontroli.
kontrolis am sistemis (HACCP) muSaobis ZiriTadi princi pebia:
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safrTxis analizi, romlis drosac ganisazRvreba produqciis warmoebisa da realizaciis ciklis dros warmoSobili
yvela SesaZlo safrTxe;
produqciis
warmoebisa
da
realizaciis
kritikuli
sakontrolo punqtebis, anu im punqtebis dadgena, romlebSic
produqciis warmoebisa da realizaciis procesSi arsebuli
potenciuri safrTxeebis kontroli da Tavidan acileba
unda ganxorcieldes;
profilaqtikuri zomebis gatareba, TiToeuli sakontrolo
punqtisaTvis kritikuli zRvrebis gansazRvris mizniT;
Sesabamisi procedurebis daweseba, raTa moxdes TviT
kritikuli
sakontrolo
punqtebis
kontroli
da
ganisazRvros is nabijebi, romlebic unda gadaidgas Tu
3 ixileT evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos biznes sabWos veb-gverdi:
www.eugbc.net – Legislation, EU Regulations
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
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kritikuli zRvrebis dacva ar moxerxda;
Semowmebis
procedurebis
Camoyalibeba,
damatebiTi
testirebebisa da procedurebis CaTvliT, raTa Semowmdes
HACCP sistemis efeqturoba;
yvela Sesabamisi procedurisa da testis Sedegebis
dokumentalurad gaformeba.
zemoxsenebuli HACCP sistemis funqcionireba mWidro kavSirSia evrokavSiris zogierTi arasatarifo barieris SemoRebasTan.
magaliTad, Tevzis nawarmis evrokavSirSi eqsportirebis msurvelebi valdebulni arian Seasrulon evrodireqtiva 91/492/EEC4
da evrodireqtiva 91/493/EEC5, raTa Tevzis nawarmis evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis ufleba miiRon. aRniSnuli direqtivebi
eqsportiori qveynebis mier HACCP sistemis danergvis moTxovnas Seicaven. Sesabamisad, evrokomisiis mier nebadarTuli makontrolebeli organo Tevzis nawarmis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmos
inspeqtirebas axdens. sawarmos Setana im kompaniebis nusxaSi,
romlebsac TavianTi produqciis evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportirebis ufleba gaaCniaT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu kompaniis inspeqtirebis Sedegebi dadebiTia.
evrokavSiris etiketirebasTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdebloba
avaldebulebs adgilobriv mwarmoeblebs da importiorebs, mkacrad daicvan xsenebuli kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesebi da
moTxovnebi, kerZod, sasursaTo produqtebis etiketebze aucileblad unda iyos miTiTebuli Semdegi informacia:
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saxelwodeba, romliTac iyideba produqti;
produqciis mwarmoeblis, damfasoebelis, an evrokavSiris
bazarze distributoris saxeli da misamarTi;
produqciis adgilwarmoSobis qveyana da warmoebis adgili,
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu produqtis dasaxelebam momxmarebeli
SecdomaSi SeiZleba Seiyvanos;
produqciis vargisianobis vada sityvebiT: “vargisia (TariRi)mde” an ”vargisia (TariRi)-is bolomde”;
produqciis Senaxvis specifiuri moTxovnebi an moxmarebis/
gamoyenebis wesebi;
produqciis moxmarebis instruqcia;
produqciis Semadgeneli komponentebis CamonaTvali (gansa-
4 ixileT evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos biznes sabWos veb-gverdi:
www.eugbc.net – Legislation, EU Regulations
5 ixileT evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos biznes sabWos veb-gverdi:
www.eugbc.net – Legislation, EU Regulations
10
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
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kuTrebuli gamonaklisebi Seexeba wylis danamats koncentratebidan damzadebul produqtSi da yvels);
zogierT komponentebTan dakavSirebiT moiTxoveba gansazRvruli niSani etiketze (magaliTad, genetikurad modificirebuli organizmebi, SesafuTi airebi, gamatkbovanebeli nivTierebebi, aspartamebi, qinini da kofeini);
sxva komponentebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros produqciis kategoriis saxeliT (cximebi, cilebi, zeTebi, Tevzeuli, yveli,
sunelebi, mcenareuloba, Saqari, glukoza, deqstroza, sirofi,
rZis cilebi, kakaos karaqi, bostneuli da Rvino);
produqciis komponentebis kategoria an komponentebis
raodenoba;
produqciis dafasoebamde produqciis raodenoba, gamoxatuli metrul erTeulebSi (litri, mililitri, kilogrami an
grami);
alkoholis procentuli Semcveloba sasmelebSi, romlebic
aWarbeben alkoholis Semcvelobis 1,2%-an zRvars;
produqciis mwarmoeblis, damfasoeblis da/an evrokavSiris
bazarze pirveli distributoris mier gansazRvruli markireba,
romlis mixedviTac xdeba saqonlis identificireba.
sursaTisaTvis (maT Soris gayinulisaTvis) damatebiT aucilebelia Semdegi informaciis miTiTeba:
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miTiTeba ~swrafad-gayinuli~ da ~galRobis Semdeg xelaxali
gayinva dauSvebelia~;
vargisianobis minimaluri vada;
Senaxvis maqsimaluri vada;
Senaxvis temperatura an Sesanaxi mowyobiloba;
zemoaRniSnulis garda, evrokavSiris sasursaTo produqtebis
bazarze eqsportirebisaTvis dawesebulia sxva moTxovnebi, magaliTad sasursaTo produqtebSi pesticidebis dasaSveb maqsimalur zRvarTan, mZime liTonebis Semcvelobis dasaSveb maqsimalur zRvarTan, mikrobiologiuri da radioaqtiuri elementebis
donesTan da a.S. dakavSirebiT. amasTan, evrokavSiris aucilebeli
sakanonmdeblo moTxovnebis garda arsebobs evrokavSiris Sida
bazris nebayoflobiTi moTxovnebic, magaliTad, organuli anu
soflis meurneobis naturaluri produqtebis mimarT. Tumca, am
ukanasknel moTxovnebs ufro marketinguli datvirTva aqvT da
maTi dakmayofileba ama Tu im produqtis maRali xarisxis demonstrirebis mizniT xorcieldeba.
evrokavSiris bazarze sasursaTo produqciis usafrTxoebisa da
11
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
garemosdacviTi sakiTxebisadmi yuradRebis zrdam mniSvnelovani
biZgi misca evrokavSirSi organuli, anu naturaluri sasoflosameurneo produqciis warmoebis ganviTarebas. am saxeobis
produqciis eqsportirebasTan dakavSirebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iyos is garemoeba, rom mesame qveynis organuli produqcia
mxolod evrokavSiris Sesabamisi proceduris gavlis Semdeg
SeiZleba iqnas aRiarebuli organul, anu naturalur produqtad.
xsenebuli procedura mesame qveyanaSi organuli, anu naturaluri
produqtis warmoebis wesebis evropul wesebTan Sesabamisobas
adgens. Sesabamisad, organuli, anu naturaluri sasursaTo
produqtebisaTvis evrokavSirs SemoRebuli aqvs specialuri logo,
romelic miuTiTebs, rom am produqtebma gaiares evrokavSiris
Sesabamisi Semowmebis sqema.
evrokavSiris erTiani bazris Seqmna,
misi ganviTareba da
funqcionirebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi
evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis mier erTiani bazris Seqmna evropuli integraciis procesis erT-erT mTavar miRwevadaa miCneuli.
yovelive es evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs Soris vaWrobisa da Tavisufali konkurenciis xelisSemSleli barierebis TandaTanobiTi
gauqmebis gziT ganxorcielda. unda aRiniSnos, rom evrokavSiris
erTiani bazari jer kidev ar Camoyalibebula erTian ekonomikur
sivrced Tundac im mizeziT, rom ekonomikis zogierTi seqtori,
magaliTad, sagadasaxado da socialuri dacvis sistemebi kvlavac
evrokavSiris wevr qveyanaTa erovnuli kanonmdeblobebiT regulirdeba.
sasargeblod migvaCnia evrokavSiris erTiani bazris Seqmnis
zogierTi istoriuli momentis aRniSvna, vinaidan evrokavSiris
erTiani bazris ganviTarebis tendenciebi swored istoriuli
movlenebiTaa nakarnaxevi.
1957 wels evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris dadebulma
evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebam
SesaZlebeli gaxada am Tanamegobrobis farglebSi sabaJo
barierebis gauqmeba da ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis farglebs
garedan Semotanili produqciisaTvis erTiani sabaJo tarifis
SemoReba. xsenebuli SeTanxmebiT gansazRvruli amocanebis
srulad Sesruleba mxolod 1968 wels, anu TerTmeti wlis Semdeg
moxerxda.
miuxedavad miRweulisa, produqciis warmoebis gansxvavebuli teqnikuri normebi, janmrTelobis dacvisa da sasursaTo produqciis
12
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
usafrTxoebis SeuTavsebeli standartebi, garkveuli saxis profesiul saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT evrokavSiris wevr qveyanaTa
erovnul kanonmdeblobebs Soris gansxvavebebi, adamianTa, produqciisa da kapitalis Tavisufal moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebi, evrokavSiris erTiani bazris mier Seqmnili SesaZleblobebis srulad gamoyenebis saSualebas ar iZleoda.
Sesabamisad, Seqmnilma mdgomareobam Tavad ukarnaxa evrokavSiris xelisufalT, Tu ra mimarTulebiT unda gadadgmuliyo
Semdgomi nabiji. Sesabamisad, 1985 wels evrokomisiam SeimuSava winadadeba, romlis mixedviTac momavali Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi evropis ekonomikur TanamegobrobaSi unda gauqmebuliyo
yvela teqnikuri da sagadasaxado barieri, romelic adamianTa da
saqonlis Tavisufal gadadgilebas ukavSirdeboda. xsenebuli
nabijis mizani gaxldaT sawarmoo da komerciuli saqmianobis
stimulireba. evrokomisiis iniciativis ganxorcielebis mTavar
instrumentad iqca e.w. erTiani evropuli aqti, romlis xelmoweriTac evrokavSiris wevrma saxelmwifoebma mniSvnelovnad gazardes evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis kompetenciebi da
specialuri sakanonmdeblo programis ganxorcielebis gziT, evropis erTiani bazrisaTvis asobiT saerTo evropuli direqtiva
da regulacia SeimuSaves.
sainteresoa, Tu rogor SeiZleba davaxasiaToT evrokavSiris
erTiani bazari dRes. pirvel rigSi unda aRvniSnoT, rom am bazris
farglebSi yvela saxis sabaJo-sasazRvro kontroli rogorc
produqciaze, ise adamianTa gadaadgilebaze gauqmebulia. 1985 wels
dadebuli e.w. Sengenis SeTanxmeba aregulirebs evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebs Soris adamianTa gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebul
sapolicio da saemigracio TanamSromlobas. Sesabamisad,SesaZlebeli
gaxda evrokavSiris Sida sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebis srulad
gauqmeba. produqciis didi umravlesobisaTvis evrokavSiris wevrma
qveynebma SemoiRes erovnul kanonmdeblobaTa e.w. urTierTcnobis
princi pi, romlis mixedviTac nebismieri produqciisaTvis, romelic
legalurad aris warmoebuli evrokavSiris sivrceSi da gayidvaSia
evrokavSiris wevr erT-erT qveyanaSi, evrokavSiris wevri yvela
danarCeni qveynis bazrebic Riaa.
erovnul kanonmdeblobaTa urTierTcnobis Sesaxeb analogiuri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze liberalizirebulia evrokavSiris
momsaxurebis seqtoric. Sedegad, evrokavSiris nebismieri wevri
qveynis moqalaqisaTvis evrokavSiris sxva wevr qveyanaSi saqmianobisas, moxsnilia adgilsamyofeli qveynis moqalaqeTaTvis upiratesobis mimniWebeli SezRudvebi iseT profesiul seqtorebSi, rogorebicaa iurisprudencia, medicina, turizmi, sabanko da
sadazRvevo sfero. qmediTi nabijebi iqna gadadgmuli dasaqmebis
13
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
sferos gansamtkiceblad da dResdReobiT, evrokavSiris wevr
erT qveyanaSi gacemuli di plomi an kvalifikaciis damadasturebeli sxva dokumenti savaldebulo wesiT gaxlavT aRiarebuli
evrokavSiris wevr yvela danarCen saxelmwifoSi. mniSvnelovania, rom Semcirebul iqna sagadasaxado barierebi evrokavSiris
wevri qveynebis damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis nawilobrivi harmonizaciis gziTac. amasTan, 2005 wels ZalaSi Sevida
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs Soris adre miRweuli SeTanxmeba
investiciebis dabegvris saerTo wesis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. sagulisxmoa, rom momsaxurebis da miwodebis uzrunvelyofasTan
dakavSirebuli saqmianobisaTvis, magaliTad iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa energetika da telekomunikaciebi, saerTo evropuli direqtivebisa da ganawesebis SemuSavebis Sedegad, evrokavSiris
nebismieri wevri qveynis, an regionaluri, Tu adgilobrivi organos mier gamocxadebuli tenderi Ria da xelmisawvdomia evrokavSiris wevri nebismieri qveynis nebimieri organizaciisaTvis.
2005 welsve dasrulda evrokavSiris gegma, romelic safinanso momsaxurebis integrirebuli bazris Camoyalibebas iTvaliswinebda. am gziT evrokavSiris bazarze sakredito ganakveTebma
sesxis amRebTa sasargeblod mniSvnelovnad iklo, xolo evrokavSiris moqalaqeebs sainvesticio Tu sapensio momsaxurebis
produqtebis arCevani gaezardaT. aranakleb mniSvnelovania, rom
evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis bankebs Soris fuladi gadaricxvebis sakomisio gadasaxadi aseve sagrZnoblad Semcirda.
konkurenciis wesebis harmonizeba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
nabiji gaxldaT, romelic evrokavSiris wevrma qveynebma erTiani
bazris ganmtkicebis mimarTulebiT gadadges. maT urTierTSesabamisobaSi moiyvanes bazarze SeRwevasTan, muSaxelis kvalifikaciasTan, biznesis Seqmnisa da momsaxurebis gawevis TavisuflebasTan da sxva seqtorebTan dakavSirebuli normebi. zemoaRniSnulma
RonisZiebebma gansakuTrebiT sasurveli Sedegebi iqonia rogorc
saxmeleTo, ise sahaero da sazRvao transportis evropuli bazris axali tempebiT ganviTarebaze. evrokavSiris konkurenciis
politika biznesebs Soris SeTanxmebebis dadebis, centraluri Tu
adgilobrivi da regionaluri xelisuflebis mier daxmarebis aRmoCenis gziT bazarze zemoqmedebis, monopoliebis Camoyalibebis
da sxva msgavsi procesebis mkacr monitorings iTvaliswinebs.
magaliTad, saerTo evropuli kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi, evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis kompaniebma Setyobineba
unda gaugzavnon evrokomisias maT Soris SeTanxmebis dadebamde,
magaliTad kompaniebis Serwymis SemTxvevebSi. sakiTxis saTanadod
Seswavlis Semdeg evrokomisia “mwvane Suqs” aZlevs kompaniebs
komerciuli garigebis gaformebaze, an ukrZalavs maT aseTi ga-
14
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
rigebis gaformebas. Sesabamisi Setyobinebis gaugzavnelobis SemTxvevebSi, evropul kompaniebs evrokomisiis mxridan mkacri jarimebi emuqrebaT.
evrokavSiris erTiani bazris regulirebis Semadgeneli
nawilia evrokavSiris momxmarebelTa dacvis politika. is
evrokavSiris moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da usafrTxoebis dacvas
uzrunvelyofs.
evrokavSiris mesame qveynebTan vaWrobaSi satarifo barierebis
TandaTanobiTi Semcirebis paralelurad, Tavad evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi iqmneboda sxvadasxva saxis arasatarifo, ZiriTadad produqciis SefuTvasTan, markirebasTan dakavSirebuli da
sxva analogiuri saxis teqnikuri barierebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
zemoxsenebuli barierebi momxmarebelTa janmrTelobis dacvasa da maT usafrTxoebas emsaxureba, evrokavSiris institutebSi kargad esmiT, rom isini zogjer arasamarTlianad gamoiyeneba
mesame qveynidan Semotanili produqciisagan evrokavSiris erTi
calkeuli wevri qveynis bazris “dasacavad”. evrokavSiris erTiani harmonizirebuli bazris Semdgom ganviTarebas da ganmtkicebas, bunebrivia, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba mesame qveynebidan
evrokavSiris bazarze importisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiTac.
evrokavSiris mier ganviTarebadi qveynebis
mimarT ormxriv da mravalmxriv formatebSi
warmoebuli savaWro politika
ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikaTa stimulireba evrokavSiris savaWro politikis mniSvnelovani prioritetia. Sesabamisad, evrokavSiris savaWro politikis erT-erT mTavar mizans
ganviTarebadi qveynebis saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemaSi integrirebis xelSewyoba warmoadgens. swored esaa mesame qveynebTan
evrokavSiris savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis safuZveli.
evrokavSiri mudmivad cdilobs, rom vaWrobis globaluri sistemis ganviTarebis dadebiTi SedegebiT ganviTarebadma qveynebmac
isargeblon. am konteqstSi, ganviTarebad qveynebTan vaWrobaSi
satarifo da arasatarifo barierebis Semcireba evrokavSirisaTvis, bunebrivia, mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, evrokavSirma mtkiced dauWira mxari vaWrobis msoflio
organizaciis gadawyvetilebas, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis
msoflios savaWro sistemaSi integrirebis xelSewyoba mimdinare molaparakebebis dRis wesrigis erT-erTi sakvanZo sakiTxi
15
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
gamxdariyo. Sesabamisad, dasabami mieca mravalmxrivi savaWro
molaparakebebis axal fazes, romelsac dohas ganviTarebis dRis
wevrigi (Doha Development Agenda) ewoda. es iniciativa miznad isaxavs saerTaSoriso vaWrobis xelisSemSleli barierebis Semcirebas da ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmarebas msoflio bazarze
SeRwevis meqanizmebis gaumjobesebis gziT, raTa maT msoflio
savaWro sistemis liberalizaciis procesis Sedegad gaCenili
SesaZleblobebis ukeT gamoyeneba SeZlon.
zemoxsenebuli amocanis Sesrulebis xelSewyobis mizniT, evrokavSirma vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis farglebSi mimdinare
molaparakebebze warmoadgina ramodenime mniSvnelovani iniciativa, maT Soris, samrewvelo produqciis msoflio bazarze SeRwevis
gaiolebis sakiTxi. am kuTxiT, evrokavSiris iniciativa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom samrewvelo produqciaze mniSvnelovnad Semcirdes
sabaJo tarifebi. maRalganviTarebul qveynebs ki evrokavSiri
mouwodebs, rom ganviTarebad qveynebs miscen msoflio bazarze
gaiolebuli SeRwevis SesaZlebloba, mniSvnelovnad Semcirebuli
tarifebiTa da raodenobrivi SezRudvebis gareSe. sayuradReboa,
rom evrokavSiris xsenebuli iniciativa exeba samrewvelo da ara
sasursaTo produqcias. samrewvelo produqcia ki ar ganekuTvneba
winamdebare broSuris pirvel TavSi naxseneb evrokavSirisaTvis
e.w. “mgrZnobiare” produqcias.
amave konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT evrokavSiris mier e.w. seqtoruli iniciativebis mxardaWera, rac ganviTarebadi qveynebis
warmoebis SedarebiT ufro dasaqmebuli saeqsporto sferoebisaTvis, magaliTad, safeiqro warmoebisaTvis nulovani sabaJo gadasaxadis dawesebas gulisxmobs.
evrokavSiris xsenebuli poziciis sasargeblod isic metyvelebs, rom msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis mimdinare etapze
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris vaWrobaSi satarifo barierebis Semcirebas. cnobilia, rom xsenebuli
tarifebis daaxloebiT 70%-s ganviTarebadi qveynebi sxva ganviTarebad qveynebs uxdian. bunebrivia, satarifo barierebi ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris vaWrobis gaRrmavebis xelSemSleli
mxolod erT-erTi faqtoria. swored am da sxva faqtorTa gamo,
ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris vaWroba maTi mTliani savaWro
brunvis mxolod 10%-s Seadgens, maSin rodesac es maCvenebeli ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris vaWrobaSi 40%-is farglebSi
meryeobs. amdenad, savaraudod, zemoxsenebuli iniciativebis mxardaWeriT, evrokavSiri ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris vaWrobis
gaRrmavebis stimulirebas cdilobs.
mravalmxriv
formatebSi
molaparakebebisas,
evrokavSiri
arasatarifo barierebis Temas mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmobs,
16
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
kargad esmis ra, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania ganviTarebadi
qveynebisaTvis aRniSnuli barierebis daZlevis sakiTxis gadaWra.
am kuTxiT, evrokavSiri aSkarad emxroba e.w. horizontaluri
meqanizmebis SemuSavebas, anu Tavis bazarze ganviTarebadi qveynebis
produqciisaTvis arasatarifo barierebis calmxrivad Semcirebis
nacvlad, aRniSnul sakiTxze vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis
wevrebs Soris mravalmxrivi molaparakebebis gziT, evrokavSiri
erTiani poziciis Camoyalibebas uWers mxars.
miuxedavad
zemoTqmulisa, evrokavSiris
bazarze
sakvebi
produqciis
importirebisas, iseTi
arasatarifo
barierebis
SenarCuneba, romlebic janmrTelobis dacvasa da sursaTis
uvneblobis
standartebis
dacvas
emsaxureba, evrokavSirs
samarTlianad miaCnia. momxmareblis janmrTelobis dacva da misi
xarisxiani produqciiT uzrunvelyofa evrokavSiris savaWro
politikis mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia da evrokavSiris farglebSi
warmoebis umaRlesi standartebis damkvidrebis xelSemwyobi
ZiriTadi faqtoria. Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, rom evrokavSiri
yovelmxriv cdilobs gadaulaxavi barierebi Seuqmnas mesame
qveynebidan evrokavSiris bazarze uxarisxo da momxmareblisaTvis
riskis Semcveli produqciis Semodinebas.
evrokavSirSi kargad esmiT, rom soflis meurneobis produqciis
msoflio bazris Semdgomi gafarToebisa da savaWro barierebisagan
gaTavisuflebis
procesSi
ganviTarebadi
qveynebisadmi
gansakuTrebuli midgoma unda SemuSavdes. am kuTxiT, bunebrivia,
isic unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli, rom ganviTarebad qveynebs
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis araTanabari potenciali aqvT
da am seqtoris Semdgomma liberalizaciam, SesaZloa, zogierTi
maTganis wili msoflio bazarze mniSvnelovnad gazardos, xolo
sxvebs kidev ufro araxelsayreli konkurenciis pirobebi dauwesos.
msoflioSi soflis meurneobis seqtoris ganviTarebas udavod
Seuwyobs xels dohas ganviTarebis dRis wesrigiT gansazRvruli
amocanebis realizacia, romelic miznad isaxavs ganviTarebadi
qveynebisaTvis ganviTarebuli qveynebis bazrebze gamartivebuli
SeRwevis uzrunelyofas da ganviTarebul qveynebSi saeqsporto
da im Sida subsidirebis gauqmebas, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs
konkurentuli garemos Seqmnaze.
vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis mier SemuSavebuli wesebi
icaven mis wevr, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebs, vaWrobaSi
diskriminaciisagan da amave dros, uzrunvelyofen am qveynebSi
mimdinare reformebis Seuqcevadobas. 2004 wels vaWrobis msoflio
organizaciis farglebSi dawyebulma savaWro liberalizaciasTan
dakavSirebiT mimdinare mravalmxrivma molaparakebebma warmoaCina
sabaJosa da sazRvris marTvis sakiTxebSi naklebSemosavliani
17
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
qveynebisaTvis teqnikuri daxmarebis gawevis aucilebloba. am
mimarTulebiT evrokavSiri wamyvani donoria. dadgenilia, rom
mxareebs Soris vaWrobaSi moZvelebul da araefeqtur sabaJosasazRvro procedurebTan
dakavSirebulma danakargebma, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, sruli xarjebis 4-5%-s SeiZleba miaRwios. es
maCvenebeli utoldeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier samrewvelo
produqciaze dawesebul sabaJo gadasaxadis odenobas. amitomac,
Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom sabaJo da sasazRvro procedurebi
gaxdes gamWvirvale, gaTavisufldes zedmeti biurokratiuli
barierebisagan, Seiqmnas kontrolis Tanamedrove, ufro efeqturi
meqanizmebi, rac mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs biznes garemos da
uzrunvelyofs maRal sabaJo Semosavlebs.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,vaWrobis liberalizaciis paralelurad
evrokavSiri yovelmxriv uwyobs xels iseTi moqnili meqanizmebis
Seqmnas, romlebic ganviTarebad qveynebs saSualebas miscems
maqsimalurad isargeblon msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis
procesSi Seqmnili SesaZleblobebiT. am konteqstSi, unda aRiniSnos,
rom vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis farglebSi miRweuli
SeTanxmebebis Tanaxmad, ganviTarebad qveynebs gansakuTrebuli
uflebebi
eniWebaT da saSualeba eZlevaT isargeblon e.w.
“gamonaklisi wesebiT”.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis mimarT amgvari
midgomis princi ps vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis farglebSi
”gansakuTrebuli da gansxvavebuli midgoma” ewodeba. xsenebulis
Tanaxmad, vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis mier SemoRebuli
nebismieri axali wesis ganviTarebad qveyanaze gavrcelebisas,
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas am qveynis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani.
amasTan xsenebul qveynebs eZlevaT meti dro axali wesebis erovnul
kanonmdeblobaSi gasaTvaliswineblad da maTi aRsrulebis
meqanizmebis dasanergad. evrokavSiris pozicia am sakiTxSi
iTvaliswinebs kidev ufro moqnili meqanizmebis Seqmnas, raTa
ganviTarebadma qveynebma ufro efeqturad moaxerxon vaWrobis
msoflio organizaciis farglebSi SemuSavebul wesebTan adaptacia
da Sedegad, globalur ekonomikaSi srulfasovani integrireba.
mniSvnelovania, rom bazarze SeRwevis gaiolebuli wesebi
araefeqturi aRmoCndeba, Tu Tavad ganviTarebad qveyanas ar
gaaCnia sakmarisi administraciuli da sakanonmdeblo resursi,
raTa msoflio savaWro sistemis mier Seqmnili SesaZleblobebiT
saTanadod isargeblos. aseTiYresursis Sesaqmnelad sagareo
vaWroba qveynis ganviTarebis politikisa da siRaribis daZlevis
strategiis ganuyofel nawilad unda iqces. ganviTarebis procesSi
vaWrobis sakiTxebis integrireba evrokavSiris ganviTarebis
politikis umTavresi prioritetia. amitom, vaWroba evrokavSiris
mesame qveynebTan urTierTobebis strategiis Semadgeneli nawilia.
18
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
am konteqstSi, ar aris gasakviri, rom vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli
daxmarebis gawevas evrokavSiri mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmobs.
kerZod, aRsaniSnavia, rom vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis
farglebSi Seqmnili daxmarebis specialuri fondis “Global Trust
Fund” dafinansebis 60% evrokavSirze modis.
evrokavSiri aqtiuria aseve ganviTarebad qveynebTan ormxrivi
savaWro urTierTobebis gaRrmavebis mimarTulebiT. am kuTxiT,
aRsaniSnavia evrokavSiris iniciativa, romelic evropul samezoblo
politikaSi
monawile
qveynebTan
ukrainasTan, moldovasTan,
saqarTvelosTan, somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan Tavisufali savaWro
reJimis dawesebis SesaZleblobebis Seswavlas iTvaliswinebs.
sayuradReboa aseve, rom mimdinare etapze evrokavSiri ekonomikuri
partniorobis
SeTanxmebebTan
dakavSirebiT
molaparakebebs
awarmoebs afrikis, wynari okeanisa da karibis zRvis qveynebTan.
unda aRiniSnos, rom es ar gaxlavT Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb
standartuli SeTanxmebebi, vinaidan isini ara arsebul bazrebze
SeRwevis, aramed axali savaWro kavSirebis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas
isaxaven miznad.
ganviTarebad qveynebTan mravalmxrivi da ormxrivi savaWro urTierTobebis gafarToebis paralelurad, evrokavSiri intensiurad amuSavebs bazarze SeRavaTiani SeRwevis calmxriv sqemebs,
e.w. preferenciaTa (SeRavaTebis) ganzogadebuli sistemis (GSP)
farglebSi. am gziT evrokavSiri ganviTarebad qveynebs sakuTar
bazarze SeRwevis upirates pirobebs nebayoflobiT uqmnis, rac
ganviTarebad qveynebs maTi eqsportis xelSewyobaSi exmareba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom GSP evrokavSirma 1971 wels pirvelma SemoiRo.
evrokavSirs dReisaTvis msoflios 180-ze meti qveynisaTvis aqvs
miniWebuli GSP-iT mosargeble qveynis statusi, rac am qveynebs
saSualebas aZlevs evrokavSiris bazarze saqoneli Semcirebuli
an nulovani tarifiT Seitanon.
2005 wlamde
qvesqemisagan:
1.
2.
3.
4.
evrokavSiris
GSP-s
sqema
Sedgeboda
xuTi
zogadi sqema. arsebul satarifo ganakveTs akldeboda 3.5
procenti
specialuri sqema Sromis uflebaTa dacvisaTvis. arsebul
satarifo ganakveTs akldeboda 8.5 procenti
specialuri sqema garemos dacvisaTvis. arsebul satarifo
ganakveTs akldeboda 8.5 procenti
specialuri sqema narkotikebis da trefikingingis winaaRmdeg
brZolisaTvis. iTvaliswinebda evrokavSiris bazarze nulovani
sabaJo gadasaxadiT SeRwevas.
19
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
5.
specialuri sqema dawesebuli uRaribesi, anu e.w. yvelaze
naklebad ganviTarebuli (Least Developed Countries) qveynebisTvis
_ “yvelaferi iaraRis garda”. yvela produqti iaraRis
da amuniciis garda sargeblobda evrokavSiris bazarze
nulovani sabaJo ganakveTiT, aseve maT ar exebodaT aranairi
raodenobrivi SezRudvebi.
2005 wlidan evrokavSirma kidev ufro gaaiola sakuTari GSP da
Sesabamisi qvesqemebis raodenoba samamde Seamcira:
1.
2.
3.
zogadi sqema.
specialuri sqema dawesebuli uRaribesi qveynebisTvis –
“yvelaferi iaraRis garda” SenarCunda ucvlelad.
axali specialuri sqema “GSP +” - masSi gaerTianda specialuri
sqema Sromis uflebaTa dacvisaTvis, specialuri sqema
garemos dacvisaTvis da specialuri sqema narkotikebis da
trefikingingis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis, romlis mimRebi, anu
beneficiari, evrokomisiis gadawyvetilebis6 mixedviT, sxva 14
qveyanasTan erTad saqarTveloc aris.
unda aRiniSnos, rom evrokavSiris GSP analogiur savaWro SeRavaTebs Soris yvelaze farToa. 2005 wels amoqmedebulma e.w. GSP+ma 7200 saxeobis produqcia moicva. amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos is
garemoeba, rom im saqonlis CamonaTvalidan, romelic evrokavSiris zogad sabaJo satarifo ganakveTebSia mocemuli (sul daaxloebiT 11000 saxeoba), 2100-mde saxeobis produqts evrokavSiri isedac aniWebs nulovan sabaJo ganakveTs. aqedan gamomdinare,
Tu am saqonlis CamonaTvals davumatebT GSP+-is sqemiT moculi
saqonlis CamonaTvals, davinaxavT, rom am sqemis mimReb qveynebSi warmoebul 9300 dasaxelebis produqts evrokavSiris bazarze
dReisaTvis nulovani sabaJo tarifiT SeuZlia SeRweva, rac am
qveynebisaTvis sakmaod mniSvnelovani SeRavaTia.
vfiqrobT sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom 2000 wlis 18 seqtembers dasavleT balkaneTis qveynebze evrokavSirma gaavrcela
e.w. ~asimetriuli savaWro preferenciebi~ - calmxrivi savaWro
SeRavaTebi, romlis mixedviT, xsenebuli qveynebidan evrokavSirSi Setanili produqciis TiTqmis yvela saxeoba, calkeuli gamonaklisebis garda, gaTavisuflda sabaJo gadasaxadebisagan da
raodenobrivi SezRudvebisagan. sagulisxmoa, rom xsenebul gamonaklisTa CamonaTvalSi moxvdnen evrokavSirisaTvis “mgrZnobiare~ iseTi produqtebi, rogorebicaa Rvino da Tevzis zogierTi
nawarmi. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom dasavleT balkaneTis qveyne6 ixileT evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos biznes sabWos veb-gverdi:
www.eugbc.net – Legislation, EU Regulations
20
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
bisaTvis, produqciis xsenebul saxeobebze evrokavSirma mniSvnelovnad Semcirebuli sabaJo tarifi daawesa. amdenad, evrokavSiris asimetriuli savaWro preferenciebi GSP-ze farTo SeRavaTebs moicavs. magaliTisaTvis gamodgeba Rvinis nawarmi, romelzec
GSP-is savaWro SeRavaTebi ar vrceldeba da masze sabaJo tarifis
Semcirebas evrokavSiri dRemde arafriT Tanxmdeba.
mniSvnelovania aseve, rom 2006 wels analogiuri savaWro reJimi, amjerad ~avtonomiuri savaWro preferenciebis~ saxeliT, evropuli samezoblo politikis farglebSi SemuSavebuli samoqmedo gegmis farglebSi evrokavSirma SesTavaza moldovas. xazgasasmelia, rom evrokavSiri-moldovas samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegma evrokavSiris
GSP-iT gaTvaliswinebuli savaWro SeRavaTebis zemoxsenebuli e.w.
~avtonomiuri savaWro preferenciebiT~ TandaTanobiT Canacvlebas
iTvaliswinebs.
aqve aucileblad migvaCnia imis xazgasma, rom evrokavSiris GSP,
ganviTarebad qveynebs mxolod satarifo SeRavaTebs sTavazobs.
arasatarifo barierebTan dakavSirebiT ki evrokavSirs savaWro
SeRavaTebi arasodes SeumuSavebia, rac dabali sabaJo ganakveTebis pirobebSic ki, ganviTarebad qveynebs evrokavSiris bazarze
SeRwevis gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobebs uqmnis.
saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris vaWrobis
amJamad arsebuli sakanonmdeblo baza da
misi gafarToebis mimarTulebiT dagegmili
Semdgomi nabijebi
saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ZiriTad samarTlebriv safuZvels mxareebs Soris
1996 wels gaformebuli da 1999 wels ZalaSi Sesuli ,,partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba~ (Partnership and Cooperation Agreement - PCA) gansazRvravs. xsenebuli SeTanxmebis gaformebiT, romelmac evrogaerTianebebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris
1989 wels xelmowerili ekonomikuri da komerciuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba Caanacvla, mxareebma aiRes valdebuleba,
vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis wesebis da miznebis Sesabamisad, ganaxorcielon erTmaneTTan vaWrobis liberalizacia. ,,partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis~ xelmoweriT
evrokavSirma da saqarTvelom ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gansaxorcieleblad Tvisobrivad axali, vaWrobaze da investiciebze
orientirebuli garemos Seqmnis valdebuleba aiRes. am xelSekru-
21
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
lebis Tanaxmad, mxareebs Soris axali ti pis savaWro-ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis erT-erTi mTavari mizani saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobaa. SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebam xeli unda Seuwyos saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikur
reformebis Seuqcevadobasa da warmatebas, aseve saqarTvelos
ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofas. saqarTvelos
savaWro-ekonomikuri sistemis gardaqmnam, Tavisi mxriv, biZgi unda
misces harmoniul socialur ganviTarebas. yovelive es, bunebrivia,
saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris urTierTmomgebiani savaWroekonomikuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis fonze unda mimdinareobdes. SeTanxmebis xelmoweriT evrokavSirma aiRo valdebuleba mxardaWera gaewia saqarTvelosaTvis finansuri da teqnikuri
daxmarebis gziT, aseve mieca rekomendaciebi ekonomikuri sferos
gardaqmnisa da srulyofisaTvis.
zogad debulebaTa gansazRvris garda, evrokavSirsa da
saqarTvelos Soris ,,partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmeba~ savaWro-ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis konkretul
sferoebsac exeba. kerZod, SeTanxmeba gansazRvravs mxareebis
mier konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobebis gamoyenebis wess,
produqciiTa da momsaxurebiT vaWrobis ZiriTad princi pebs,
mxareebis mier investirebis xelSewyobisa da dacvis pirobebs.
xelSekruleba aseve moicavs energetikis sferoSi investiciebis
mozidvisa da energomatareblebiT vaWrobis sakiTxebs, turizmis
sferoSi ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs,
inteleqtualuri, samrewvelo da komerciuli sakuTrebis dacvas
da sxva mniSvnelovan Temebs.
2004 wlis 14 ivniss saqarTvelos evropul samezoblo politikaSi
(European Neighbourhood Policy) CarTvam saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs
Soris arsebuli savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebas
mniSvnelovani biZgi misca.
xsenebuli politika, romelic evrokavSiris gafarToebis bolodroindeli, mis istoriaSi yvelaze masStaburi talRis gamoZaxils warmoadgens, monawile qveynebs axali saxis, Zalze mWidro
politikur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas sTavazobs.
evrokavSiris amocanaa, rom evropul samezoblo politikaSi CarTul qveynebs ekonomikur sferoSi TanamSromlobis, kerZod ki
evrokavSiris Sida bazarSi CarTvisa da e.w. ,,oTxi Tavisuflebis~
– adamianebis, saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da kapitalis Tavisufali
gadaadgilebis TandaTanobiT gavrcelebis gziT, ekonomikuri integraciis perspeqtiva dausaxos.
mxareTa Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis zemoT xsenebuli
perspeqtiva srulad aisaxa evropuli samezoblo politikis farglebSi 2006 wlis 14 noembers xelmoweril saqarTvelo-evrokav-
22
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
Siris samoqmedo gegmaSi. aRniSnuli samoqmedo gegmiT dasaxulma
RonisZiebebma mniSvnelovnad unda dauaxlovon saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da standartebi evrokavSiris Sesabamis normebs. Aam
gziT myari safuZveli Caeyareba saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi ekonomikur integracias. mxareebma unda gauxsnan erTmaneTs bazrebi da
satarifo da arasatarifo barierebis TandaTanobiTi Semcirebis
gziT, vaWrobisa da investiciebis stimulireba moaxdinon. aRniSnuli samoqmedo gegma gulisxmobs evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos
erTobliv muSaobas savaWro urTierTobebis gasaRrmaveblad, mxareebs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gaformebis
CaTvliT. amis garda, mxareebma Zalisxmeva unda mimarTon, raTa saqarTvelom SeZlos evrokavSiris samrewvelo, sanitaruli da fitosanitaruli, aseve veterinaruli standartebis dakmayofileba. amiT
gaizrdeba evrokavSiris preferenciaTa generalizirebuli sistemis efeqturoba da xeli Seewyoba saqarTvelos eqsports ara mxolod evrokavSiris bazarze, aramed sxva maRalganviTarebul qveynebSic. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba im faqts, rom samoqmedo gegmis
Sesabamisad, mxareebi CaerTvnen ormxrivi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb
molaparakebebSi, geografiuli aRniSvnebis urTierTaRiarebisa da
dacvis mizniT.
amdenad, evropuli samezoblo politikis farglebSi xelmoweril saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris samoqmedo gegmas mxareTa Soris
savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi Tvisobrivad axal doneze gadahyavs da Zalze konkretuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis gziT,
evrokavSirTan Rrma ekonomikuri integraciis perspeqtivebs xsnis.
rogorc wina TavebSi aRiniSna, evrokavSirTan savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebam kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis embargos Sedegad Seferxda qarTuli produqciis misTvis tradiciul bazrebze realizacia. am TvalsazrisiT, saeqsporto bazrebis diversificireba
qveynis xelisuflebis da eqsportiorebis gadaudebel amocanad
iqca, ramac, Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris samoqmedo gegmis ekonomikuri nawilis ganxorcieleba daaCqara. evrokavSirTan
savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba TanamSromlobis
erT-erT mTavar prioritetad iqna aRiarebuli da Sesabamisad,
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saqmianoba ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT warimarTa:
1.
2.
evrokavSirTan vaWrobaSi sabaJo-satarifo SeRavaTebis
ufro efeqturad gamoyeneba da arsebuli tarifebis kidev
ufro Semcireba;
kanonmdeblobis harmonizebis, Sesabamisi administraciuli
reformebisa da evropuli standartebis danergvis gziT,
23
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
qarTuli produqciis mier evrokavSiris
barierebis gadalaxvis xelSewyoba.
arasatarifo
evrokavSirTan vaWrobaSi sabaJo tarifebis gauqmeba/dawevis
mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos winaSe amJamad mdgari amocanebia:
• evrokavSiris preferenciaTa generalizirebuli sistemiT
(GSP+)
gaTvaliswinebuli
savaWro
SeRavaTebis
metad
popularizeba, raTa qarTvel eqsportiorTa Soris am
SeRavaTebis momxmarebelTa ricxvma imatos.
• evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis
gaformeba;
evrokavSirTan vaWrobaSi arasatarifo barierebis gadalaxvis mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos xelisuflebis erT-erT amocanas saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris Rvinis, spirtis da soflis meurneobis sxva produqciiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb ormxrivi
SeTanxmebis gaformeba warmoadgens. aRniSnulma SeTanxmebam, qarTuli saeqsporto produqciis evrokavSiris bazarze SeRwevis
garda, mxareebis mier produqciis geografiul aRniSvnaTa da
adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebaTa urTierTaRiareba da dacva unda
ganapirobos, rac evropul bazarze qarTuli produqciis falsificirebasTan brZolis mZlavri iaraRi gaxdeba.
sagulisxmoa, rom, mimdinare etapze, rogorc satarifo, ise arasatarifo barierebis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebuli amocanebis
Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT garkveuli warmateba ukve miRweulia,
kerZod, evrokomisia axorcielebs saqarTvelos da evrokavSirs
Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gaformebis mizanSewonilobis winaswar teqnikur Seswavlas. miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze SemuSavdeba daskvna xsenebuli SeTanxmebis ekonomikuri mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. amasTan, saqarTvelosa da
evrokavSirs Soris Rvinis, spirtis da soflis meurneobis sxva
produqciiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb ormxrivi SeTanxmebis gaformebasTan dakavSirebuli molaparakebebis ramodenime warmatebuli
raundis Sedegad, aRniSnuli SeTanxmebaze muSaobis dasruleba
2008 wlis bolomde igegmeba.
zemoaRwerili cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs
Soris arsebuli ekonomikuri sakanonmdeblo baza sakmaod zogadia, Tumca konkretuli mimarTulebebiT warmatebis miRwevis
perspeqtivas Seicavs. am TvalsazrisiT karg magaliTad gamodgeba evrokomisiasTan miRweuli SeTanxmeba, rom Rvinis, spirtis da
soflis meurneobis sxva produqciiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb ormxrivi
SeTanxmeba Tavdapirvelad Rvinisa da spirtis produqciis geografiuli adgilwarmoSobis niSnebs daicavs da evrokavSiris
24
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
bazarze yoveli axali qarTuli produqtis SeRwevis SemTxvevaSi,
am produqtis adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebis dacva xsenebul
SeTanxmebaze calke protokolis damatebis gziT ganxorcieldeba.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, broSuraTa warmodgenili ciklis
erT-erT amocanas isic warmoadgens, rom evrokavSiris bazarze
mesame qveynis produqciis SeRwevis Sesaxeb saWiro informaciis
miwodebasTan erTad, qarTvel mewarmeebs konkretuli qarTuli
saeqsporto produqtebis evrokavSiris bazarze SeRwevis Sesaxeb
rekomendaciebi miawodos da amiT xeli Seuwyos saqarTveloevrokavSiris samoqmedo gegmis realizacias.
25
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
Exporting to thE EuropEan union markEt SpEcific iSSuES
Tariff and non-Tariff barriers To The Trade wiTh The
european union
Nowadays one of the main factors in the economic growth of developing countries
is their ability to successfully interact and integrate with international markets.
Realization of their export potential is another key element which is closely linked to
their integration.
Developing countries need not only to find their export markets but also to diversify
them to avoid dependence. The embargo on Georgian produce introduced by Russia in
2005 caused significant damages to Georgian exporters. Unfortunately, no immediate
solution has been found. Nevertheless, the embargo forced the Georgian authorities
and exporters to look for alternative markets. As a result, the European Union market
given its size, high standards and sophistication, acquired even higher importance for
Georgia.
It should be noted that further rapprochement with the EU firmly remains on
Georgia’s external policy agenda. Therefore, economic integration with the EU is
crucial for driving Georgia’s European aspirations forward and feeding the process with
new ideas.
Despite the growth that has been observed recently, the EU fairly assesses the EUGeorgia trade as limited, with a clear need for diversification, especially when it comes
to Georgian exports. It should be noted, that a number of positive preconditions for
achieving better results are already in place, namely, Georgia’s WTO membership, the
EU GSP benefits (to be discussed in the next chapters), continuous EU technical and
financial assistance, etc. In this publication the authors will try to identify reasons that
prevent the sides from trading more intensively.
The first chapter of the publication introduces tariff and non-tariff barriers in the
trade with the EU. The past experience shows that third countries are more capable
of overcoming the EU tariff (i.e. administrative- barriers) while non-tariff barriers
(standards and norms for production, transportation, labeling and storage requirements,
etc.) require more time and efforts on their part.
examples of The eu non-Tariff barriers
The EU single market is governed by a complex merger of EU-wide and national
regulations. Through its strict non-tariff barriers, the EU pursues two objectives:
protection of European consumers from unhealthy and dangerous foodstuffs and
creation of conditions for fair competition. This way the import of those products which
26
evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani
do not comply with the EU norms is being prevented.
Exporters from third countries experience difficulties with the interpretation of and
understanding the EU legislation on import rules and standards. Therefore, the main goal
of the present publication (and a few more that will follow) is to explain the complex
EU regulations and directives and work out recommendations which may be easier to
understand and implement. It is also noteworthy that the EU legislation is continuously
updated and amended and therefore, needs to be closely observed.
In this respect, the second chapter of the brochure gives some useful examples of
the EU non-tariff barriers introduced by EU directives, EU Council decisions, such as
sanitary and phito-sanitary norms, food safety and hygienic standards, etc.
The european single markeT and some imporTanT aspecTs
concerning iTs funcTioning
The third chapter makes a brief overview of the EU market and its gradual
development focusing on the so-called “turning points” in its history. The main success
in EU’s economic development results from lifting all the trade barriers between the
member states. Tariff barriers such as customs and others were eliminated relatively
easily. As regards the reduction of non-tariff barriers, the EU member states had to agree
on a common set of requirements which had to be implemented in each and every one
of them. The chapter illustrates how the EU internal market has been liberalized so far,
giving examples from service, employment, taxation, competition, consumer protection
and other sectors.
implemenTaTion of eu Trade policy Towards Third
counTries Through bilaTeral and mulTilaTeral relaTions
The fourth chapter of the publication refers to the EU trade policy towards
third countries. This policy includes the EU activities in the framework of the
WTO, development of bilateral relations with third countries and asymmetric trade
preferences to support their economic development. In this context, the EU stands for
the simplification of market access for third countries, also trying to eliminate tariff
barriers for “non-sensitive” products.
The EU largely contributes to the reduction of custom tariffs, supports strengthening
of bilateral relations with third countries through new policies and agreements as well
as sectoral initiatives, introduces various schemes of asymmetric trade preferences
to stimulate production and trade growth in third countries, provides for significant
technical and financial assistance to improve administrative capacities of the countries
concerned, etc. At the same time, it would be fair to say that the abovementioned
efforts concern mainly tariff barriers; even if custom tariffs for the entry to the EU
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were comparatively low, the complex EU regulations on standards remained to be
an obstacle for third countries requiring more time and efforts. However, the EU has
developed new approaches starting from 2002, when a Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
with Chile was signed. In the new approach the EU tries to overcome the above
problems by establishing a Deep FTAs with those third countries which are supposed
to become closer EU partners. Deep FTA is designed for not just elimination of tariff
barriers between the partners but also for harmonizing trade-related legal and regulatory
framework of a partner country with that of the EU. This way, bigger chances will be
given to third countries to get a real stake in the EU Internal Market.
legislaTive framework of The eu-georgia Trade
and The sTeps Towards iTs furTher developmenT
Chapter five describes the legislative basis for EU-Georgia trade starting from the
Partnership and Co-operation Agreement (PCA) and ending in the EU-Georgia Action
Plan, elaborated in the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP). The
authors also give an overview of GSP+, a comprehensive scheme of the EU Generalized
System of Preferences, introduced in 2005, as well as current trends in the EU-Georgia
trade development, focusing on new opportunities for the reduction of EU non-tariff
barriers.
Further, the chapter describes recent steps, jointly taken by the Georgian and
European sides, aimed at further harmonization of Georgian export standards to those
of the EU. In this context, the EU Georgia bilateral agreement on mutual recognition
and protection of geographical indications for wine, spirits and other foodstuffs as well
as a feasibility study on the possible EU-Georgia Free Trade Agreement is discussed.
In the follow-up publications, the authors will put forward concrete recommendations
on the production, transportation, labeling, packaging and other norms related to third
countries. We will also provide information on VAT, excise and other duties in the
EU states for certain categories of exported products, as well as information on other
important legislative acts of the EU.
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