Topic C1. Reducing emissions and enhancing removals (land-use change, fire, drainage)

J Boone Kauffman and Daniel Murdiyarso

Topic C1. Slide 2 of 21

Implementing mitigation (emissions reduction) strategies in forests

Why it is important to act now?

Intact/Restored ecosystems:     are more buffered (resistant) to collapse or decline with a changing climate or other stresses; have a higher degree of resilience – the capacity to recover following stress or disturbance; will provide more ecosystem services – e.g. biodiversity, water quality, aesthetics and carbon storage; may be of value and interest for carbon financing for climate change mitigation

Topic C1. Slide 3 of 21 Carbon sequestration is an ecosystem service that has not received value until recently Net primary productivity (NPP) - The net amount of fixed C in organic matter by photosynthesis after the needs of the plant have been met. GPP- Respiration = NPP About 95% of CO 2 emissions would occur if humans did not exist on Earth natural decay of plant materials is about 220 billion tonnes of CO year.

2 each

Topic C1. Slide 4 of 21

Tropical forested wetlands

are ecosystems that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of forest vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions (e.g. mangroves, freshwater swamps, floodplain forests).

Topic C1. Slide 5 of 21

How much carbon can be found in forests?

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Examples of ecosystem C stocks of tropical forests Aboveground Belowground Donato et al. 2011, Kauffman et al. In press, Kauffman et al 2003.

Topic C1. Slide 6 of 21

An example of forest carbon stocks: Tropical forests and mangroves of Costa Rica

1200 1000 Mg/ha 1000 800 400 Mg/ha 600 400 200 0 Dry Moist Wet Rainforest Mangrove

Kauffman et al. (In press).

Above ground Soil 0-1 0cm Soil 10-20cm Soil 20-30cm Soil 30-50cm Soil 50-100cm

Topic C1. Slide 7 of 21

Kauffman et al. (2014) Ecological Applications

Topic C1. Slide 8 of 21

We need to determine the pathways and processes of emissions

Topic C1. Slide 9 of 21

Currently, on average, between 1-7% of blue carbon sinks are being lost annually

Upstream disruptions Road development/ hydrological disruptions Rice/Agriculture Aquaculture Coastal development

Topic C1. Slide 10 of 21

Currently, the impacts of land use/land cover change are impacting biodiversity to a much greater extent than global climate change

Topic C1. Slide 11 of 21

Global loss of blue carbon sinks (total % loss and annual rate of loss)

Global area (km 2 )

Global loss Annual rate of ecosystem loss (%)/year References

Mangroves 137,760-152-361 20% (since 1980s) 30–50% (since 1940s) 0.7–3% Valiela et al. (2001); Alongi (2002); FAO (2007); Spalding et al. (2010) Sea grass 177,000–600,000 50% (since 1990s) ~7% Salt marshes 20,000–400,000 Salt marshes 25% (since 1800s) 1–2% Costanza et al. (1997); Duarte et al.

(2005); Waycott et al. (2009) Bridgham et al. (2006); Duarte et al. (2008)

Adapted from Mcleod et al. ( 2011)

Area of the worlds forests = 39 million km (Pan et al. 2011)

Topic C1. Slide 12 of 21

How to determine emissions from land-use/land-cover change

• • Gain-loss method Stock difference method

Topic C1. Slide 13 of 21

Stock difference method

ΔC = (C t2 – C t1 ) (t 2 – t 1 ) ΔC = annual carbon stock change in the pool C t1 = carbon stock in the pool at time t 1 C t2 = carbon stock in the pool at time t 2 C stock at time 1 C stock at time 2

Topic C1. Slide 14 of 21 Donato et al. 2012; Hughes et al. 2000; Kauffman et al. 2013; Pendleton et al. 2013; Kauffman et al. In press.

Topic C1. Slide 15 of 21

Gain-loss method

ΔC = ΔC G – ΔC L ΔC = annual carbon stock change in the pool ΔC G = annual gain of carbon, tonnes ΔC L = annual loss of carbon, tonnes Disturbance C stock Harvest

Topic C1. Slide 16 of 21

Example of emissions from peat swamp forests and oil palm plantations – Tanjung Puting National Park, Indonesia (Novita 2015)

Peat net annual balance of GHG in the primary forest and oil palm plantations from tropical peatlands of Tanjung Puting Land-use system Forest OP CO 2 15.37

± 1.

1 14.53

± 0.

8 CH 5.34

± 4 1.0

0.15

± 0.2

0.13

N 2 ± O 0.09

1.5

± 0.2

GHG total 20.84 ± 0.5

16.18 ± 0.3

Contribution (%) of CO2, CH4 and N2O to total GHG emissions from primary forest and oil palm plantations in Tanjung Putting (from Novita PhD thesis 2015).

Topic C1. Slide 17 of 21

In addition to C stocks, there exists unique biodiversity values in tropical wetlands

Topic C1. Slide 18 of 21

Partial listing of co-benefits or ecosystem services that would be derived from forests managed under a REDD+ strategy

ECOSYSTEM SERVICE/CO-BENEFIT Poverty alleviation Enhanced biodiversity Tropical storm protection (cyclones) Water quality Water quantity Timing of stream flow Fisheries habitat protection/enhancement Non-timber forest products Ecotourism Aesthetics Enhancement of resilience/ adaptation to climate change FOREST TYPE All All Mangroves, marshes All Upland forest Upland forests All, particularly mangroves, riparian zones marshes All All All All

Topic C1. Slide 19 of 21

Why are tropical forested wetlands attractive for REDD+ and other NAMAs?

• • • • • • • • Conservation of biodiversity Coastal zone protection Fisheries Loss of livelihoods and culture Erosion Degradation of adjacent communities (sea grass and coral reefs) Carbon emissions/loss of C sinks Loss of other ecosystem services.

Topic C1. Slide 20 of 21

References

Donato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M, and Kanninen M. 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geosciences 4:293–297. doi: 10.1038/NGEO1123.

Howard J, Hoyt, S, Isensee K, Telszewski M, Pidgeon E (eds.). 2014. Coastal Blue Carbon: Methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes,and seagrasses. Arlington, Virginia, USA: Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature.

[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2003. Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change, and forestry. Penman J, Gytarsky M, Hiraishi T, Krug Thelma, Kruger D, Pipatti R, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T, Tanabe K, et al, eds. Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.

Kauffman JB and Donato DC. 2012. Protocols for the Measurement, Monitoring, & Reporting of Structure, Biomass and Carbon Stocks in Mangrove Forests. Working Paper 86. Bogor: Center for International Forest Research.

Kauffman JB, Heider C, Norfolk J, Payton F. 2014. Carbon Stocks of intact mangroves and carbon emissions arising from their conversion in the Dominican Republic. Ecological Applications 24:518–527.

Pendleton L, Donato DC, Crooks S, Murray BC, Jenkins WJ, Sifleet S, Baldera A, Craft C, Fourqurean JW, Kauffman JB, et al. 2012. Estimating global ‘‘blue carbon’’ emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS ONE 7(9): e43542.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043542

[ UNEP] United Nations Environment Programme. 2014. The Importance of Mangroves to People: A Call to Action. van Bochove J, Sullivan E, Nakamura T, eds. Cambridge: United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge.

Thank you

The Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP) is a collaborative effort by CIFOR, the USDA Forest Service, and the Oregon State University with support from USAID.

How to cite this file

Kauffman JB and Murdiyarso D. 2015. Reducing emissions and enhancing removals [PowerPoint presentation]. In: SWAMP toolbox: Theme C section C1. Retrieved from

Photo credit

Boone Kauffman/Oregon State University, Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR, Nanang Sujana/CIFOR, Rupesh/CIFOR