Transcript Chapter 21 WWII PPT.pptx

CH. 21 - World War II
Germany-Italy Control Europe; Japan Takes Over Asia; Recovery Post-WWII
World War II Memorial - Washington, D.C.
DO NOW:
How was the
second world
war different
from the first?
World War II even more global than World War I.
WW II had independent origins in Asia & Europe with dissatisfied
states in both continents who wanted to rearrange international
relations, capture resources, living space, & power.
How was the WWII different from WWI?
★ More than WWI, WWII was a
genuinely global conflict with
independent origins in Asia &
Europe.
★ WWII was more destructive, 60
million deaths - 6 times more than
WWI. (USSR 40% - 25 million alone)
★ More than 1/2 the casualties of
WWII were civilians, reflecting a
nearly complete blurring of
traditional line between civilian &
military targets as compared to
WWI.
★ WWII, governments mobilized
their economies, their people, &
their propaganda machines even
more extensively than in WWI.
How was the WWII different from WWI?
★ Holocaust: act of genocide that
outstripped even the Armenian
genocide of WWI
★ WWII rearranged architecture
of world politics even more
than had WWI
★ After WWII, Europe was
effectively divided: West to U.S.
umbrella & Eastern to Soviets
★ Contrast to aftermath of WWI:
Europe’s role in world was
greatly diminished for decades
following WWII, European
colonies in Asia & Africa
achieving their independence
later
How was the WWII different from WWI?
★ WWII allowed for the
consolidation & extension
of the communist world in a
way that WWI did not
★ More effective worldwide
organizations: United
Nations & World Bank took
shape after WWII,
compared to the League of
Nations created after WWI
United States: More
dominant presence on
the world stage after
WWII
World War II Began in Asia
Late 1920s & 1930s: Japanese imperial
ambitions mounted as the military
became more powerful & as an earlier
cultural cosmopolitanism gave way to
more nationalist sentiments.
Rise of Chinese nationalism: seemed to
threaten Japan’s sphere of influence in
Manchuria acquired after Russo-Japanese
War, 1904–1905.
WWII Begins:
Japanese Invasion of
Manchuria, 1931
Acting independently of
civilian authorities in Tokyo,
units of the Japanese military
seized control of Manchuria in
1931 & established a puppet
state called Manchukuo.
World War II Began in Asia
Western powers were Infuriated.
★ Japan withdraws from the
League of Nations
★ Broke politically with its
Western allies
★ Align more closely with
Germany & Italy
Led to a full-scale attack on
heartland China in 1937 &
escalating a bitter conflict that
would last another 8 years.
War w/China, as Japan Felt
Threatened:
View of the world held by
Japanese authorities & many
ordinary people: hardened.
World War II Began in Asia
Felt isolated, surrounded, &
threatened:
★ Japan was quite dependent on
foreign & especially American
sources of strategic goods.
★ U.S.: hostile towards Japanese
expansion
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73 percent of Japan’s scrap iron
60 percent of its imported machine tools
80 percent of its oil
1/2 of its copper came from the U.S.
★ U.S.S.R.: w/Communist revolutionary principles
looming large as a neighboring state of Japan.
Japan: their national survival seemed at stake.
1940–1941, Japan extended its military operations
to French, British, Dutch, & American colonies in an
effort to acquire those resources that would free it
from dependence on the West.
World War II in Europe
If Japan was the dissatisfied power in Asia,
Nazi Germany occupied that role in Europe
even more sharply.
Harsh Terms - Treaty of Versailles:
★ Germans harbored deep resentments
about their country’s position in the
international arena.
★ Nazis pledged to rectify the treaty’s
perceived injustices.
Origins lie squarely in German aggression,
although many twists & turns. Encouraged by
initial unwillingness of Britain, France, &
Soviet Union to confront that aggression
forcefully & collectively.
If World War I was accidental &
unintended, World War II was more
deliberate & planned, perhaps even
desired by the German leadership &
by Hitler in particular
Red boxes show territory that
Germans felt was taken from them
after WWI unfairly.
Port Danzig: “League of Nations”
city
Surrounded by German territory
Border with France included
valuable industrial land on rivers.
Steps to War
Hitler Takes - Industrial Rhine River Valley
Hitler ignores the Versailles Treaty:
Nazis promised to fix injustices of Versailles
Hitler knew the west would not raise a hand
to stop him. 1935: Hitler begins Rearmament (Aufrüstung)
March 7, 1936: Reclaims the Rhineland
Appeasement: European nations would satisfy Hitler’s
“reasonable demands” in exchange for peace.
Great Britain allowed Hitler to take Rhineland. Britain,
France, & the USSR were initially unwilling to confront
German aggression.
“Whoever would live must fight. Only in
force lies the right of possession.”
- Adolf Hitler, Might Makes Right
Consistently stressed importance for
Germany of gaining lebensraum
(living space) in the east, in the lands
of Slavic Poland & Russia.
Inevitably, this required war.
Slowly at first & then more aggressively, Hitler
prepared Germany for war & pursued territorial
expansion.
Major rearmament program,1935.
Nazi Soldiers Retake The Rhineland
Major Industrial Region along the Rhine River
Hitler stressed the need for “Living Space” or Lebensraum
Nazis supported territorial expansionism, in their terms:
★ A law of nature for all healthy & vigorous peoples of
superior races
★ Displacement for people of inferior races
★ Especially if the people of a superior race were facing
overpopulation in their given territories.
Ethnic Germans in the city of Cheb greeting Hitler with the
Nazi salute after he crossed the border into the formerly
Czechoslovakia Sudetenland in 1938.
Are they sad? Or overcome with happiness?
Compare origins of WWII in Asia & in Europe
Both were dissatisfied with their
positions internationally AND
expanded their territories through
force, causing tensions with other
powers.
★ Japanese leaders felt they were not
treated as equal power because of
racism, while Germans felt they
were being treated unfairly because
of their defeat in World War I
★ Japan’s initial conquests were
driven primarily by a desire to
acquire raw materials & other
resources, whereas Germany’s were
driven primarily by strategic
rivalries with neighboring powers
Hitler Invades Soviet Union
June 22, 1941 – Hitler breaks nonaggression pact, invades USSR
1,800 mile long front, early winter
& fierce Soviet fighting halted
German advance
2nd Big Mistake for Hitler
Invading the USSR creates a
2-front war, while
Still fighting/bombing
Britain, unable to invade.
Hitler leaves for Russia too late
into the year. His great early
success becomes an awful winter
of disaster in 1942.
Operation Barbarossa
Code name for Germany's invasion of the
Soviet Union began: 22 June 1941.
Over 3.9 million troops of the Axis
powers invaded the USSR along a
2,900 km (1,800 mi) front, the
largest invasion in the history of
warfare.
In addition to the large number of troops,
Barbarossa involved 600,000 motor vehicles and
750,000 horses.
Rudolf Hess and others at Heinrich Himmler's "Building
and Planning in the East" March 1941 Exhibition
Like Germany, Japan wanted “living space” and “resources”
Sept 1931 – Japanese seize Manchuria (north of China)
Japan moved steadily south taking over Northern Chinese
territory
Planned to take over the USSR with Germany’s help Japan
wanted more lands in the South Pacific,
the US protested and said they would cut off aid and raw
materials to Japan
Japanese Imperialism in Asia
Japanese Leader
Hideki Tojo
Japanese Emperor Hirohito
A Japanese soldier stands guard over part of the captured Great Wall of China in
1937, during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
The Empire of Japan and the Republic of China had been at war intermittently since
1931, but the conflict escalated in 1937.
Chinese military forces were strengthening their air force, producing their own
armaments, and training their officers in the methods of modern war. Here,
Chinese cadets in full battle dress, they favor the German type of steel helmet, on
parade somewhere in China, on July 11, 1940.
Japanese aircraft bomb US naval base
Japanese had launched assaults
throughout Asia with great success
Japanese were feeling the effects of US
economic sanctions against them.
Needed iron, steel, oil, & resources.
They felt attacking was their only option.
American oil embargo = imposed in July, 1941.
Japan Attacked with reluctance & after
negotiations had failed to end American
economic hostility towards them.
Pearl Harbor Attacked - Dec. 7, 1941
Photograph from a Japanese plane of Battleship Row at the beginning of the
attack.
The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on the USS Oklahoma.
2 attacking Japanese planes can be seen: 1 over the USS Neosho & one over the Naval
Yard.
YouTube: Movie Trailer - Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7th, 1941)
WHAP - Mr. Duez - CH. 21 - Notes Part 3
World War II Axis Power Rises
AXIS Powers: Pact of Steel
May 22, 1939
Alliance:
Germany & Italy
Adolf Hitler, along w/Mussolini's son-in-law, Count Galeazzo Ciano
(Hitler's right), & Joachim von Ribbentrop, attend a Nazi Party rally.
Axis Powers later add
Japan - Tripartite Pact
September 1940.
Battle of France, 1940
Hitler’s Troops Bear Down on Paris
German Troops, Paris, 1940
Hitler Takes Continental Europe
French sign an armistice with Germany:
June 22, 1940.
Britain was his last target to defeat
US stands on isolationist policy
FDR wanted to go to war, but did not have
public support
Frenchman weeps as German soldiers march into Paris,
June 14, 1940, after the Allied armies had been driven back
The Post War World: The Cold War Begins,
Recovery in Europe & Japan; WWII's impact on the world
Jewish survivors of the
Buchenwald Nazi concentration
camp, some still in their camp
clothing, stand on the deck of the
refugee immigration ship
Mataroa. July 15, 1945 at Haifa
port, during the British Mandate
of Palestine, in what would later
become the State of Israel.
During World War II, millions of
Jews were fleeing Germany & its
occupied territories, many
attempting to enter the British
Mandate of Palestine, despite
tight restrictions on Jewish
immigration established by the
British (1939).
Many of these would-be
immigrants were caught &
rounded up into detention camps.
1947: UN approved the Partition
Plan for Palestine, establishing a
Jewish & a Palestinian state in
May 14, 1948: Israel declared independence & was
immediately attacked by neighboring Arab states,
beginning the Arab-Israeli conflict which continues
to this day.
Architecture of Global Politics Changes:
Europe impoverished, industrial infrastructure
shattered, divided by East & West
Over the next 2 decades: Asian & African
colonies achieve independence, yet also be
pursued by the capitalist US & communist
USSR: Some call this the “Third World War” or
Struggle for the Global South.
Consolidation and extension of the communist world.
Soviet victory at a massive cost in blood & treasure. Yet Stalin
is exalted by his people & given immense credibility & power.
Virtual cult of the war - Soviets created immense memorials,
celebrations & holidays to boost "nationalistic" pride.
Architecture of Global Politics Changes:
Communist parties rose all across Eastern Europe.
More important: Americans had feared most communist takeover of China, 1949.
Yet U.S. became absolute dominant presence
in the world.
New Superpower United States gave support,
money, & helped to rebuild both Europe &
Japan over the next half century.
The Day After -1983 American television film that aired on
November 20, 1983, on ABC. Watched by 100+ million people,
initial broadcast.
The film postulates a fictional war between NATO forces & the Warsaw Pact that rapidly
escalates into a full-scale nuclear exchange between the United States & the Soviet
Union. However, the action itself focuses on the residents of Lawrence, Kansas, &
Kansas City, Missouri, as well as several family farms situated next to nuclear missile
silos.
U.S. General George S. Patton acknowledges the cheers of thousands during a parade
through downtown Los Angeles, California, on June 9, 1945. Shortly thereafter, Patton
returned to Germany & controversy, as he advocated the employment of ex-Nazis in
administrative positions in Bavaria; he was relieved of command of the 3rd Army & died
of injuries from a traffic accident in December, after his return home. Joe Rosenthal's
famous Iwo Jima flag-raising photograph is visible on the war bonds billboard.
Development of the United Nations
& Other Recovery Efforts:
Renewed interest & commitment in diplomatic
efforts to keep world safe from global conflict.
United Nations succeeded the failed League of
Nations
UN proved more effective as a forum for
international opinion than as a means of
resolving the major conflicts of the postwar
world.
Soviet/American struggle continued for
decades.
World Bank & International Monetary Fund:
Regulate the global economy,
Prevent another depression, &
Stimulate economic growth (especially: poor nations)
Each of these efforts were led by the dominant
United States.
Unlike after WWI: US accepted place on world
stage & did not isolate itself. It was a chief
reason for the resurgence of Europe & Japan.
3 factors to explain the remarkable European Recovery:
1. Resiliency of an industrial society
2. The ability of Western European countries to integrate their recovering economies
3. Europe gave up international expansion & imperialist past
Marshall Plan: effort funneled into Europe some $12 billion, together with numerous
economic & governmental advisors & technicians.
Motivated: parts humanitarian concern, desire to prevent another depression by
creating overseas markets for American goods & products, & an interest in
undermining the growing appeal of European communist parties in West Europe.
Europe grew more rapidly than anyone could have possibly forecasted.
In 1957, European Economic Community (EEC) developed, largely because of the
work done by European nations during post war recovery
In 1994, EEC was renamed European Union (EU)
Tokyo - 1933
"Tokyo burns under B-29 firebomb assault." May 26, 1945.
Tokyo Today
Japan’s “economic miracle”
★ American economic assistance following
the Second World War.
★ Restriction of military expenses specified
by Japan’s postwar constitution.
★ U.S. military purchases in Japan during
the Korean War from 1950-1953.