Transcript 4.1 From Neutrality to War.ppt

• TSWU: What are the causes of World War I
and why did the United States go from
having an isolationist stance to entering the
war?
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The Great War
“The War to End All Wars”
L - Idea for Student Response
• One day after school, you see two groups
of schoolmates involved in a fight. Both
sides yell to you to join in and help their
side.
• What are the advantages & disadvantages
of getting involved?
• If you do get involved, how do you decide
which group to join?
The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
1907
Triple Alliance:
1879
Great Britain
France
Russia
Germany
World War
I
Austria-Hungary
Italy
4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War
• The Roots of War
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late 1800s and early 1900s, Europe was unsettled with tension
1) Nationalism - intense pride in one’s own nation
– Italy/Germany unified as a country instead of a kingdom
2) Militarism - glorification of armed strength and the ideals of war (build-up)
to acquire and protect colonies ($ - remember the world turns due to $
large armies, navies competing for military strength (Whose is bigger?,
300%)
3) Entangled Alliances - intricate web of alliances arose to deter acts of
aggression.
1882 – Central Powers: Austro-Hungarian empire, Germany, Italy
1907 – Triple Entente: France, Great Britain, Russia
4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War
• Europe in 1914 = Powder Keg of tensions
• Great economic, imperial powers, armed with
massive , modern armies and inclined to support
the idea of war for a national glory, were tied to
one another in a series of binding military treaties
4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War
• U.S. was carrying an attitude of neutrality
• Washington’s Farewell Address
– No entangling alliances
– More worried about our own Hemisphere
The “Spark” That Started the Great War
• Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina
• Serbia, small nation to the south, wanted a
“Slavic nation”
• Determined to make the world notice them
• June 28, 1914
– Archduke Franz Ferdinand & wife
(Sophia) were sent on a good-will tour
to “calm the people” of the empire
• Black Hand - 7 assassins set out to kill the
archduke
– During a parade through the city of
Sarajevo, Archduke dodged first
attempts to kill him
– Assassinated by 19 y.o. Gavrilo Princip
a Serbian Nationalist.
The Assassination: Sarajevo
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Family
June 28, 1914
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
Black Hand Society
4.1B: World War I Begins
• The War Begins
• Aust-Hung Empire (allied with Germany) angered, issued an
ultimatum
– Suppress all anti-Aust-Hung activities or face war
• Russia (allied with Serbia) gives their own ultimatum…
– What is the ultimatum…
• Jul 28, 1914
– Aust-Hungary declares war on Serbia
• System of alliances (Triple Alliance & Entente) plunged Europe into
war
• Germany demands Russia to stop mobilization and France to
remain neutral … Russia refuses and France honors alliance
• Germany marches through Belgium, ignoring 1839 treaty
guaranteeing Belgium’s neutral status
• France, Russia, G. Britain declare war on Germany
• WWI officially begins August 4, 1914
Soldiers Mobiliz ed
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
•Home by Christmas!
•No major war
in 50 years!
•Nationalism!
4.1B: World War I Begins
• The U.S. Declares Neutrality
• Same day the Great War begins, Wilson declares U.S. neutrality
– Slippery slope…think of the population of America in 1914
– Many Americans could trace their heritage to Europe! They were
immigrants!
– Think of where they were from…New Immigrants…Southern &
Eastern Europe
• Wilson asked all Americans to remain neutral
• “The [United States] must be impartial in thought as well as in action.”
– Americans could not resist taking sides…think of our history
– Britain b/c of heritage & ancestry
– France b/c of their help in Rev. War
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4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in
Europe
• Quick Victory Eludes
the Warring Nations
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All nations thought the war would
end quickly
By end of 1914, thousands of
casualties
War turned into a Bloody
Stalemate
Boredom!
Trench Warfare
In The Trenches
“No Man’s Land”
Area between the opposing trenches
4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in
See larger
Europe
schematic in the
back.
4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in
Europe
“The bottom of the
• The Horror of
Trench Warfare
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Modern Weaponry: machine
guns, mechanized cannons,
mustard gas
Bloody, long-lasting battles
No land gained
475 miles of trenches built to
protect from modern weaponry
Long bombardment, followed by
infantry attacks: “No Man’s Land”
Treacherous mud, very wet, rats
Trench foot = amputation
trench was springy
like a mattress b/c of
all the bodies
underneath … “
Erich Maria Remarque
Rat Infestation
Rats in their millions infested trenches. There were two
main types, the brown and the black rat. Both were
despised but the brown rat was especially feared. Gorging
themselves on human remains (grotesquely disfiguring
them by eating their eyes and liver) they could grow to the
size of a cat.
Men, exasperated and afraid of these rats (which
would even scamper across their faces in the dark), would
attempt to rid the trenches of them by various methods:
gunfire, with the bayonet, and even by clubbing them to
death.
It was futile however: a single rat couple could produce
up to 900 offspring in a year, spreading infection and
contaminating food. The rat problem remained for the
duration of the war (although many veteran soldiers swore
that rats sensed impending heavy enemy shellfire and
consequently disappeared from view).
TRENCH RATS
The U.S. Maintains Neutrality
• Americans were horrified by the war
• U.S. “officially” remained neutral
– Wilson began growing unhappy with
British blockade of German ports.
– Violation of int’l law
• Wilson begins to supply food,
weapons, and war supplies to the
Allies and continues for several years.
• Banks made billions of $ in selling of
stocks, bonds, and other financial
items
Financing the War
4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Protesting the blockades of their
ports, Germany responds…
– U-boat = Unterseeboot
• Germany had superior submarines
• Feb. 1915, Germany begins policy
of unrestricted submarine warfare
• Any boat entering/leaving Europe
not supporting the Central Powers
was fired upon
– Passenger boats?
– Cargo Ships?
• How would you feel getting on a boat
that had the following disclaimer?:
4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law
The Sinking of the Lusitania
• May 1, 1915: NY to London
• Germany had warned
passengers in newspapers
• Warning for submarines in
area, ignored by ship’s captain
• 790-foot ship, sank in 18
minutes
• 2,000 passengers, 1,200 died,
128 Americans, 125 children
Secret cargo: 4,200 cases of gun cartridges
• Wilson still campaigns for U.S. Neutrality
– American public outraged
– They condemned killed on unarmed Fr ship
• 1916 Election
– Committed to staying out of war
– 3 more American ships were sunk…revenge!!
• Wilson’s Slogan
– To Keep U.S Neutral!
– “He kept us out of war” slogan
The Zimmerman Telegram
• Death Knell, Straw that
broke the camel’s back
• Restart unrestricted sub.
Warfare
• Promise of ”general financial support”
• Mexico would regain territory
• British present to Wilson on Feb. 25, 1917
• Mar. 1: Published in newspapers
“There is no question about going to war.
Germany is already at war with us.”
-former Pres. T. Roosevelt
“The War to End All Wars”
U.S. Declares War on Germany
• April 2, 1917
• Wilson asked Congress for
declaration of war against
Germany
• “The world must be made
safe for democracy … We
are but one of the
champions of the rights of
mankind”
• 3 A.M, April 6, 1917
- U.S. enters War
Lyrics to “Over There”
Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gun,
Take it on the run, on the run, on the run,
Hear them calling you and me,
Every son of liberty.
Hurry right away, no delay, go today,
Make your daddy glad to have such a lad,
Tell your sweetheart not to pine,
To be proud her boy’s in line.
Chorus
O-ver there, o-ver there, send the word, send the word, o-ver there,
That the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are coming,
The drums rum-tum-ming ev'ry where
So prepare, say a prayer, send the word, send the word to beware
We'll be over, we're coming over,
And we won't come back 'til it's over over There!
Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gun,
Johnnie show the Hun, you’re a son-of-a-gun,
Hoist the flag and let her fly,
Like true heroes do or die.
Pack your little kit, show your grit, do your bit,
Soldiers on the ranks from the towns and the tanks,
Make your mother proud of you,
And to liberty be true.
Chorus
4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War
Mobilizing for War
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Ill-equipped for war
Wilson initiated the draft
Only 200,000 soldiers
9 million registered
U.S. industry & agriculture
increased production of food, fuel,
ships, weapons
Intense propaganda campaigns
4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War
The Effects of Propaganda
• Undemocratic practices
• Espionage Act of 1917
• 2,000 Americans were
prosecuted
We Don’t
need
Liberty
Cabbage
4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War
• Leaving for Europe
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Idealism & Excitement
“… adventure & heroism”
High-spirits
However, they soon encountered
the horror and fear of war
I will not parcel
out American
boys…
4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War
American Troops in Europe
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Fresh U.S. troops bolstered the
broken down Allied forces
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
General John “Black Jack” Pershing
– Not well-trained, inexperienced
– Disliked by many Allied generals
4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War
Battle of Argonne Forest Sept-Nov 1918
The End of WWI
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Spring/Fall 1918 - American troops
helped in decisive battles
– Battle of Argonne Forest
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1 million troops battled Germans
over 200-mile front in France
Germans overthrow Kaiser Wilhelm
“All’s Quiet on the Western Front”
– 11th hour-11th day-11th month
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10 million soldiers killed
20 million soldiers wounded
– U.S. - 300,000 wounded
– U.S. - 107,000 killed
continued
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