Transcript Growth of Industrialization.ppt

Wednesday/Thursday, September
26/27, 2007
 TSW: What roles did people and events
play during the period of rapid
industrialization in the late 19th and early
20th centuries?
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Growth of Industrialization
The Rise of Industrialism
2.2 A
 Shift from craftsmanship to machine manufacturing
 U.S. ranked 1st in the world for Industrial goods, ushering us into the modern
age.
Key Factors in Industrial Growth
 Abundant supply of natural resources; coal, oil, and iron ore
 Improved transportation allowed coast to coast accessibility
 International markets open up
 Population shift from rural to urban centers.
 Increased from 25 to over 50%, providing an abundant labor supply
Government Support for Industrialization
 Government maintained a laissez-faire, or “hands off” approach.
 No personal income tax until 1913, and high tariffs on foreign goods.
Invention and Innovation
2.2 B
The Spirit of Innovation
 Between 1860-1900 the U.S. Patent Office granted 676,000 patents
Electricity is Widespread
 Introduction of electricity spurred innovations
 Telegraph, and telephone increase communication
 Escalators, elevators, central heating, and generators make life more comfortable
Machines Increase Productivity
 Sewing Machines, and other assembly line machines speed up production
Invention and Innovation cont.
Steel is King
 Henry Bessemer discovers way to produce steel that is cost
effective.
 Railroads can carry heavier cars, and travel faster
 Steel used in beams to crate new stronger buildings, such as
skyscrapers
 Bridges can hold heavier weight
Industrial Leaders
2.2C
Industrial Giants
 John D. Rockefeller and Oil
 Controlled 90% of the total oil industry in an attempt to monopolize it
 Collected royalties on railroads, oil pipelines, and boats used for its
transportation
Industrial Leaders cont.
 Andrew Carnegie and Steel
 Strong ties with railroads, and shipping lines
 Produced ¼ of nations Bessemer’s Steel
Other Industry Leaders
 Cornelius Vanderbilt, railroad industry
 Duke Family, tobacco industry
“The Gilded Age”
 Writer Mark Twain labeled this time period because of
the open displays of wealth Among American elite
society seemed like a cheap picture frame – Golden on
the outside, but rotting on the inside.
 Vertical
Integration
 Horizontal
Integration
You will see this
cartoon on your
next test!
16 Tons
Some people say a man is made outta' mud
A poor man's made outta' muscle & blood
Muscle and blood and skin and bones
A mind that's a-weak & a-back that's strong
Chorus
You load sixteen tons, wha-da-ya get?
Another day older and deeper in debt
Saint Peter don't you call me 'cause I can't go
I owe my soul to the company store
I was born one mornin' when the sun didn't shine
I picked up my shovel and I walked to the mine
I loaded sixteen tons of number 9 coal
And the straw boss said "Well, a-bless my soul"
Chorus
You load sixteen tons, wha-da-ya get?
Another day older and deeper in debt
Saint Peter don't you call me 'cause I can't go
I owe my soul to the company store
I was born one mornin', it was drizzlin' rain
Fightin' and trouble are my middle name
I was raised in the canebrake by an ol' mama lion
Can't no-a high-toned woman make me walk
the line
Chorus
You load sixteen tons, wha-da-ya get?
Another day older and deeper in debt
Saint Peter don't you call me 'cause I can't go
I owe my soul to the company store
If you see me comin', better step aside
A lotta men didn't, a lotta men died
One fist of iron, the other of steel
If the right one don't getcha, then the left one
will
Chorus
You load sixteen tons, wha-da-ya get?
Another day older and deeper in debt
Saint Peter don't you call me 'cause I can't go
I owe my soul to the company store
 Philanthropy
2.2D
Trusts and Government Corruption
The Rise of Industrial Trusts
 As industrialism progressed, businesses combined competing companies
into monstrous firms called trusts
 Rockefeller’s Standard Oil trust was among the most monstrous trusts
because he used ruthless tactics to eliminate his competition and control the
oil industry.
Trusts Influence Government Affairs
 Trusts manipulated the government at the federal, state, and local levels
 Trusts call for minimal government regulation
City Government Corruption
 Jane Addams, a social reformer remarked in “Why the Ward Boss Rules,”
laborers tended to vote for whichever boss promised to help them
 In Tammany Hall, bosses gave families gifts with the corrupt intent to win
their political favor.
Criticism and Defense of Big
Business
2.2E
Wealthy Americans face Criticism
 Most Americans disapproved of the fact that so few individuals controlled the
majority of America’s natural resources, industries, and utilities.
Industrialists Defend Big Business
 Andrew Carnegie was known for his philanthropic work, donating over $350
million to both public and private works.
 The Gospel of Wealth
2.2F
The Impact of Industrialism
Industrialization Benefits the Middle Class
 National wealth and income grew significantly and middle-class Americans
experienced greater comforts and conveniences in daily life
Life for Average Americans
 ¾ of the population lived in crowded tenements and company towns
Industrial Working Conditions
 Laborers worked in deplorable conditions 10-12 hours 6 days a week
 Many are killed, permanently injured and disfigured
Low Pay and Reasons to Stay
 With a competing supply of labor employers were anxious to maximize
efficiency and were quick to dismiss workers
Change and Discrimination in the
Work Force
2.2G
Industrialism and Women
 Woman’s roles shifted and more and more entered the work force
 They worked for considerably less money, usually 50% of a man’s pay
Child Labor
 Laborers from age 10-15 worked 15 hours a day under horrible conditions
Minority and Immigrant Laborers
 Worked in unskilled positions and were willing to work for almost nothing
 Business managers recruited ethnic labor groups, whom they pitted against
one another to the benefit of the industry.
Organized Labor
2.2H
Labor Unions Emerge
 Labors organized in hope to influence big business.
 Knights of Labor and Terence Powderly
 Membership open to all, aimed to secure a 8 hr day, equal pay, and elimination
of child labor
 The American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers
 White skilled workers, higher and safer working conditions
Business Response to Labor
 Laissez-faire gov., and supply of laborers, had advantage over unions
Strikes and Violence
 1877 Pittsburgh railway workers strike resulted in over 25 deaths
Union Victories
 Most industries set max. work hours, compensation, and child labor laws
2.2I
Food Contamination and
Muckrakers
Consumer Fraud
 Industrial growth brought unfair and unethical business practices
 There were no safeguards against poor quality and misleading advertising
The Meatpacking Industry




Upton Sinclair investigated meatpacking industries and wrote The Jungle
Uncovered diseased pork, bologna made of diseased cow, sawdust, and dirt
Helped influence Theodore Roosevelt to pass meat inspection laws
100’s of soldiers died in the Spanish American War from eating tainted meat
Muckrakers
 Those who concentrated on exposing the ills of society rather than proposing
solutions to them. They actually helped pave way for future reforms.
The Toll on the Environment
2.22J
Environmental impact
 Increase in the use of nonrenewable, or polluting fuels (oil, coal, natural gas)
Mining and Deforestation
 Methods used were devastating to environment
 They included blasting mountain sides, and dumping waste into rivers
 Forests were leveled, and permanently destroyed
Air and Water Pollution
 Industries disregard for the environment resulted in water and air pollution
Environmental Reformers
 Gifford Pinchot, founder of the American Conservation Movement, and John
Muir both fought to reform the timber industry