Transcript All China All Day.ppt

Classical
Civilization 1:
China
AP WORLD HISTORY
Review session tonight is come and go
430-630. I will do flashcards, matching
stuff, and puzzles.
Chinese Dynasty Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFyeLvEfZEA
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Sui, Tang, Song
Sui, Tang, Song
shang, joe, chin, hahn
sway, tang, soong
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong
yooan, ming, ching, Republic
mou dzu dong
From Ancient to Classical Civ

Most ancient river valley civs declined after 1200 B.C.E.

The classical civilizations, which began to emerge around 1000
B.C.E., were measurably different than their river valley
predecessors.

They grew noticeably larger through trade and conquest.

Classical civilizations developed in China, India, Greece, and
Rome. China was the 1st and the largest of the classical civs.

Though all the classical civilizations had declined by 500 C.E., they
left an indelible mark on world civilization. Their impact endures to
the present.

Great developments in philosophy, politics, and art in classical
civilizations formed the foundation for subsequent civilizations.

Patriarchal culture prevailed in each of the classical civilizations.
Ancient Chinese
Civilization

Chinese civilization along the Huanghe (Yellow River)
developed in relative isolation, save for some overland
trading with India and the Middle East.

By around 1500 B.C.E. a line of kings called the Shang
ruled over the Huanghe valley. They began the dynastic
cycle that would endure until the 20th century.
Dynastic Cycle

Dynastic cycle lasted from 1700 BCE until the early part
of the 20th century.

Dynasty=family of kings.

3 Dynasties of classical China: Zhou, Qin, and Han.
Qin (Ch’in) Dynasty 221
BCE - 206 BCE
 Shi
Huang di, unified China using
legalism
 cruel to Confucians
 Great Wall
 Terra Cotta army
 standardized money, weights,
roads
 centralized power
KEY
POINTS
SLIDE
Qin (221 - 207 BCE)

By 221 BCE, warrior Shi Huangdi
brought an end to the years of civil
strife and disunity, ushering in the Qin
Dynasty.

Shi Huangdi vanquished all his rivals
and founded a new imperial court.

But Shi Huangdi proved to be a tyrant,
so the Qin Dynasty ended shortly after
his death in 210 BCE.
Qin (221 - 207 BCE)

Self appointed title Qin Shi Huangdi ,
meaning First Emperor.

The name Qin conferred on the
whole country its name of China.

Brutal yet effective. Organized
China into large provinces ruled by
bureaucrats.

Shi Huangdi appointed officials from
nonaristocratic groups, so that they
would not dare to develop their
own independent bases of power.
Qin (221 - 207 BCE)

For defense, built first Great Wall
(Ming built other part later),
extending 3000+ miles. Largest
construction project in human hist.

Adopted Legalism: only way to
achieve order was to pass strict
laws and impose harsh
punishments. (Hanfeizi)

Ordered natl census, standardized
currency, weights measurements,
laws, and unified written script
throughout the realm.

Banned Confucianism, burned
books. Attacks on intellectuals and
high taxes made him fiercely
unpopular.
Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221-206 B.C.E.
 Legalist
rule 
 Bureaucratic
 Centralized
 Military
administration
control
expansion
 Book
burnings  targeted
Confucianists
Buried

protestors alive!
Built large section of the Great Wall
Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army
Han Dynasty 206 BCE 220AD

Classical Age of China, inventions: paper

Confucian civil service begins

wealthy traders

extend Great Wall

Silk Road, excellent art


public school
conquered by Huns
KEY
POINTS
SLIDE
Han (202 BCE - 221 CE)





After Shi Huangdi’s death, massive peasant revolts
broke out. Two peasants led a revolt against Qin
oppression, toppling the dynasty, giving rise to the
Han dynasty.
Lasted for 400+ years. Most effective, & most
enduring bureaucracy in the preindustrial world.
Legalism replaced by Confucianism
Introduced civil service examination (process of
selecting govt officials based on merit rather than
noble birth). Ltd. power of emperor (checks &
balances)
Expanded Chinese territory into Korea, Indochina,
and central Asia. Silk Roads developed, opens trade
Confucianism 101







Idealized strong rulers and consolidation of polit
power.
Advocated rule by highly educated, exclusively
male elite (think Aristotle).
Began as an ethical rather than religious system.
Est norms for all aspects of Chinese life, from
familial relationships, filial piety, ancestor
veneration, and male authority.
Est norms for etiquette of rulers and scholar
bureaucrats.
Influenced art, music, calligraphy
Formed basis of Chinese philosophical and
religious beliefs for more than 2000 years.
Han (202 BCE - 221 CE)
Peace brought great prosperity.
 Wu Di erected shrines to Confucius, and he was
established as a god. Official state philosophy.
 Buddhism introduced, paper invented
 Great increase in population
 Govt sponsored public works projects incl complex
irrigation & canal systems (compare to Rome)
 Not highly militaristic.
Decline
 Nomadic raiders
 Corruption, weak leaders

Emperor Wudi, 141-87
B.C.E.

Started public schools.

Colonized Manchuria,
Korea, & Vietnam.

Civil service system 
 bureaucrats
 Confucian

scholar-gentry
Revival of Chinese
landscape painting.
Han – Roman Empire Connection
Chang’an
The Han Capital
Religion

Confucianism

Daoism

Buddhism

Confucianists & Daoists tolerated
each other. You could be politically
a Confucianist & spiritually a Daoist.
Economy & Society

Considerable gap btwn landed elite and the masses (peasant
farmers). Strength of agrarian base allowed China to carry about
1/5 of the total human population from the last centuries BCE to the
present day.

Slavery waned after the Zhou dynasty.

3 main social groups:

Landowning aristocracy (educated bureaucrats or mandarins)

Laboring masses (peasant farmers, urban artisans)

Mean people (unskilled laborers, performing artists). Required to wear green
scarves for identification. Punished for crime more harshly.

According to Confucianism, men superior to women, old superior to
young, etc.

“There are no wrongdoing parents.” Courts didn’t prosecute parents
who injured or killed children, but would punish a disobedient child.

Strict control over one’s emotions.
Economy & Society

Trade became important during Zhou
& Han. Focused on luxury items: silk,
porcelain.

Confucian emphasis on learning and
political service led to scorn of lives
devoted to moneymaking. Therefore,
wealthy merchants had low prestige in
social hierarchy.
Economy & Society

Chinese civ evolved with very little outside contact. Most saw
China as an island of civilization in a sea of barbarians with
nothing to offer except threat of invasion. They saw no need
to learn from other societies.

Spread of Buddhism is exception to this rule, b/c it came from
India during & after the Han decline.

Chinese pioneered technologies that were later disseminated
over much of Eurasia & northern Africa: paper & compasses.

Asian nomads disseminated these inventions over much of the
globe, contributing to tech transformations in Japan, Rome,
Mid East, & Eng.

China’s silk became valued in Mide East & Roman Empire.
Trade of silk and other luxury products generated a network of
roads thru ctrl Asia known as the Silk Road. Han actively
encouraged Silk Road trade.
221 - 581 (CE)





Han dynasty overturned by a nomadic tribe,
the Huns
Warlords control china - no centralized gov’t
Non-Chinese nomads control much of China
Buddhism becomes popular - Confucianism
failed
(Invaders like Huns might topple a dynasty,
but they couldn’t devise a better system to
run the country, so the system & its
bureaucratic administrators normally
endured).
Sui Dynasty 589 AD - 618
AD

after 300 years of regional rule in
China,

Re-unite a smaller China

Grand Canal

graineries to feed the poor

legalist and very much like the
Ch’in
KEY
POINTS
SLIDE
Sui Dynasty, 581-618
C.E.

“Land Equalization” System  land
redistribution.

Unified coinage.

Grand Canal constructed.

Established an army of professional
soldiers.

People were overworked and
overtaxed!
The Grand Canal
Today
Tang Dynasty 618 AD - 907
AD

Confucian

conquer more territory in China and Korea,

influence in Japan

inventions (printing press, gunpower)

landscape painting

Buddhists increase in numbers
KEY
POINTS
SLIDE
Tang Dynasty, 618-907
C.E.

Imperial examination system perfected.

Liberal attitude towards all religions.


Spread of Buddhism in China
Golden Age of foreign relations with
other countries. 

Japan, Korea, Persia
Tang Government
Organization

Tang Dynasty, 618-907
C.E.
New technologies:

Printing  moveable print 

Porcelain

Gunpowder

Mechanical clocks

More cosmopolitan culture.

Reestablished the safety of the
Silk Road.

Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia. 





Empress Wu Zetian,
624-705
The only female Empress in China’s
history who ruled alone. 
Searched for outstanding individuals
to attract to her court.
Construction of new irrigation
systems.
Buddhism was the favored state
religion.
 Financed the building of many
Buddhist temples.
BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic
ministers to seek out her enemies.
Foot-Binding in Tang
China
 Broken toes by 3 years of age.
 Size 5 ½ shoe
on the right
Song (Sung) Dynasty 969
AD - 1279 AD

Merchant society

urban life increases




rich, Confucian and Buddhist
Emphasis on intelligence over military
lots of trade along Silk Road
crushed by Mongols
KEY
POINTS
SLIDE
Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.

Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class.

Increased emphasis on education & cheaper
availability of printed books.

Magnetic compass
makes China a great
sea power! 
Yuan Dyansty 1279 AD 1368 AD

Mongols led by Kublai Khan

use Chinese system of govt with foreign
rulers



40 million Chinese killed
Confucians were persecuted but they
are able to write drama and opera
trade increases along Silk Road

Taoism grows because the Mongols like it

The Mongols are greatly resented by the
Chinese
KEY
POINTS
SLIDE
Mongol Invasions
Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty,
1279-1368 C.E.

Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294]

Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”]
Tolerated Chinese culture
but lived apart from them. 
No Chinese in top govt. posts.
Believed foreigner were more
trustworthy.
Encouraged foreign trade &
foreign merchants to live and work
in China.
 Marco Polo
Marco Polo (12541324)

A Venetian merchant.

Traveled through Yuan
China: 1271-1295
 “Black
Stones” [coal]
 Gunpowder.
Marco Polo’s Travels
Yuan Dynasty, 12791368 C.E.

The Black Plague was spread by the
Mongols in the mid-14c.

Sent fleets against Japan.
 1281
 150,000 warriors
 Defeated

by kamikazi [“winds of the gods”] 
Kublai Khan experienced several
humiliating defeats in Southeast Asia
late in his life.
Ming Dynasty 1368 AD 1644 AD

Re-take China from Mongols

tons of trade with Asia,

some with Europe in porcelain, for silver and tea,

Neo Confucians: re-instate the Civil service exam

Want to eliminate all signs of the Mongols

Move the Capital and build “Forbidden City”

Zheng He

Extend the Great Wall

BUT the Manchu northern tribes conquer them
KEY
POINTS
SLIDE
Ming Cultural Revolution
 Printing & Literacy
 Culture & Art
 Cheap, popular books:
 Increased literacy
leads to increased
 woodblock printing.
interest in cultural
 cheap paper.
expressions, ideas,
 Examination system.
and things:
 Leads to explosion in
 Literature.
literacy. 
 Painting.
 Leads to further
 Ceramics.
popularization of the
 Opera.
commercial market.
Ming Silver Market
 Spanish Silver Convoys


Triangle route:
 Philippines to China to Japan.
Silver floods Chinese Market:
 Causes devaluation of currency & recession
 Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration
overseas.
 Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe
 Increases interest in Chinese culture & ideas in
Europe.


Helps fund conquest of New World

Encourages Europeans in conquest & trade.
Ming Dynasty, 13681644 C.E.

Golden Age of Chinese Art
 Moderation
 Softness
 Gracefulness

Three different schools of
painting developed.

Hundreds of thousands of
workers constructed the
Forbidden City.
The Forbidden City: China’s New
Capital
The Tribute System
Admiral Zheng He (
 China’s “Columbus?”

 Ming “Treasure Fleet”
 Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide
1371-1435
 1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.
Ming Vases, 18c
Manchu or Qing Dynasty
1644 AD - 1912 AD

Foreign conquerors of China; oppressed the
native Han Chinese;

trade with Europeans eventually leads to
conflict in the Opium Wars and then to the
foreign occupation of coastal cities of China.

Rebellions like the Taiping and Lotus Flower
Rebellions as well as foreign conflict and govt
corruption led to its downfall
Qing interaction with Britain
The Chinese had little interest in trading with
the West & were able to reject trade offers
China had a healthy agricultural economy, large
deposits of natural resources, & manufactured
products like silk, cotton clothes, porcelain
The British were desperate to find a product that
the Chinese would buy…
…In the 1800s, the British
smuggled opium from
India into China
By 1835, 12 million Chinese
citizens were addicted to
opium
Opium War

Britain’s refusal to cease the opium trade
leads to war

The Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium
Wars:
Britain received Hong Kong & extraterritorial
rights in China (foreigners were not subject
to Chinese laws)
In addition to its foreign problems, Qing China
also faced major problems with its own people

By 1850, China’s population grew so rapidly that
agriculture could not keep up

In 1853, Hong Xiuquan led the Taiping Rebellion
in an attempt end poverty among peasants

The Qing defeated the rebels in 1864 but the
rebellion killed 20 million people & weakened
China

Britain & other industrial powers took advantage
of China’s weakness to force China to sign
unequal trade treaties in particular ports
Boxer Rebellion

The growth of foreign influence, poverty among
peasants, & Christianity upset many Chinese

In 1900, frustrated Chinese led the
Boxer Rebellion to expel foreigners from China

An army of 19,000 British, French, American soldiers
finally ended the Boxer Rebellion

In 1911, Sun Yat-sen led
an overthrow of the
Qing Dynasty & created a democracy with a written
constitution

Over 3,000 years of dynastic rule came to an end
Trouble in the Republic

The republic was led by the Nationalists

It did not modernize China & led to an era of chaos

In the 1920s, nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek took
over & ran China as a dictatorship

Meanwhile, communism was growing in China under
the leadership of Mao Zedong

Mao’ s Communist Party gained popularity among
poor peasants by offering to redistribute land from
wealthy warlords
Nationalism and
Communism (1911-1949)

After the fall of the Qing Empire, nationalists and
communists in China alternated between fighting for
power in China and uniting to fight against Japanese
invasions of China.

WWII brought this era to an end when the
Communists under Mao Zedong defeated the
nationalists and took over China

From 1930 to 1949, Nationalists & Communists fought
in a bloody civil war for control of China

Chiang’s gov’t fled China &
set up in Taiwan
Communist China

Mao was determined to reshape China’s economy
based on Marxist socialism

He seized land from the rich & divided the land
among the poor peasants

Mao followed Stalin’s example by creating
collective farms
& a Five Year Plan to improve Chinese industry

In 1958, Mao began a massive program to create
agriculture & industry called the “Great Leap
Forward”

Millions of Chinese citizens were sent to work on large
collective farms to grow food
Industrialization

Not everyone went to collective farms. Other
citizens were required to work on massive
industrial projects like making iron & steel or
building dams & railroads

Steel was made in people’s back yards. It
was not able to be used in actual building
projects

Industrialization was essentially a failure.
Because people had shifted their attention to
making steel, agriculture also failed, resulting
in famine
Cultural Revolution

After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao began
the Cultural Revolution (1966 -1976)

The goal of the Cultural Revolution was to emphasize
Mao’s strict socialist ideas & attack traditional Chinese
ideas

Mao distributed to all Chinese citizens the “Little Red Book,”
a book of his quotes that reinforced what was acceptable
for Chinese communists

Mao targeted young people & many joined the Red
Guards, a group to protected the culture of the revolution

Red Guards closed schools & universities; burned books; &
humiliated, beat, killed people who opposed Mao’s ideas

The Cultural Revolution unified the Chinese people but
also led to the deaths or imprisonment of thousands of
citizens
In 1976, Mao Zedong
died & was followed
by more moderate
Communist officials
Even without Mao,
China remains a
Communist nation
today
China Today

Thousands of students
demanded democracy
& protested in Beijing’s
Tiananmen Square in
1989

The Massacre in
Tiananmen Square in
1989 started the
economic freedom of
China but did not
change the political
situation.