Transcript Carbs_and_Lipids_Combined.ppt

BELLRINGER
Protein Review: Discuss with your group
- Protein monomer?
- Bonds between the monomers?
- Functional groups on the monomers?
- What is a “R” group?
- Degrees of structure for a protein
- Function of enzymes
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
Carbohydrates
energy
molecules
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are composed of Carbon,
Hydrogen, and Oxygen- at a 1:2:1 ratio….
carbo - hydrate
C H 2O
(CH2O)x
C6H12O6
(CH2O)x
C6H12O6
Function:
– Fast energy (short term energy)
– Provides structural materials in cells (like cell
walls, receptors)
– Energy storage
Subunit / Building block / Monomer:
MONOSACCHARIDES!!!!
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
Sugars
• Most names for sugars end in -ose
• Classified by number of carbons
– 6C = hexose (glucose)
– 5C = pentose (ribose)
– 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
6H
HO
H
OH
Glucose
H
CH2OH
OH
C
O
H
HO
H
5
OH
O
H
HO
H
Ribose
H
H
H
C
OH
C
3OH
H
Glyceraldehyde
Sugar structure
Carbs can be found in linear and ring form
Carbohydrates include:
CH2OH
O H
H
H
OH H OH
HO
H
OH
Glucose
Simple sugars
(monosaccharides: such as glucose, ribose, and deoxyribose)
Short chain sugars
(disaccharides: such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
Complex carbs
(polysaccharides: such as starches, cellulose, and glycogen),
Building sugars
• Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
H2O
|
glucose
disaccharide
|
maltose
glycosidic linkage
A glycosidic link occurs when
two monosaccharides are
joined by dehydration
synthesis.
Polysaccharides are produced by adding more
monosaccharides to the chain.
Polysaccharides
• Starch
– Is a polymer consisting
entirely of glucose
monomers
– Is the major storage
form of glucose in
plants
Cellulose is a polysaccharide that has its glucose
monomers joined together in alternating 'flip-flopped‘
form.
Changes in the bond configuration cause changes in the final
shape and function of the molecules.
Cellulose is found in plant cell walls.
Plants make glucose through
the photosynthesis processes,
and store it in long chains of
starch primarily in their roots.
Animals in turn eat plant
materials and products.
0.5 m
Digestion is a process of hydrolysis where the starch is broken down into the
various monosaccharides. A major product is glucose, which can be used
immediately in body cells for metabolism to make energy.
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals which is
analogous to the starch in plants. Glycogen is synthesized and
stored mainly in the liver and the muscles
The glucose that is not used immediately, is converted in the liver
and muscles into glycogen for storage.
Any glucose in excess of the needs for energy and storage as
glycogen is converted to fat.
• Chitin is another polysaccharide.
– Is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
– Also found in the cell walls of fungus
CH2O
H
O OH
H
H
OH H
OH
H
H
NH
C
O
CH3
(a) The structure of the(b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton
of arthropods. This cicada
chitin monomer.
is molting, shedding its old
exoskeleton and emerging
in adult form.
(c) Chitin is used to make a
strong and flexible surgical
thread that decomposes after
the wound or incision heals.
Lipids: Fats, Oils, Waxes, and
Steroids
Lipid Functions
long term energy storage
Insulation
Waterproofing
Hormone Production
Fats, Oils, and Waxes
• Structure:
– Fats, Oils and Waxes are made of a
Glycerol molecule (3-Carbon alcohol) + fatty acid chain(s)
• fatty acid chain =
long Hydrogen/Carbon “tail” with carboxyl (COOH) group head
enzyme
H2O
dehydration synthesis
• Long Fatty Acid Tail
– non-polar
– Hydrophobic (repels water)
Types of Fats
• Triglyceride- fat with 3 tails
– 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol
– ester linkage = between OH & COOH…links a
glycerol to fatty acids. hydroxyl carboxyl
Saturated fatty acids
• All single bonds along the tail (not including the end functional group)
• No C=C double bonds
– long, straight chain
– most animal fats
– solid at room temp.
• contributes to
cardiovascular disease = plaque deposits
Unsaturated fatty acid tail
• C=C double bonds in the fatty acids
– plant & fish fats
– vegetable oils
– liquid at room temperature
• the kinks made by double
bonded Carbon prevent the
molecules from packing
tightly together
Saturated vs. unsaturated
saturated
unsaturated
Phospholipids- (makes up most of cell plasma
membranes)
• Structure:
– Made of 2 fatty acid chains, a glycerol molecule +
PO4 (phosphate group)
• The PO4 is negatively charged
Phospholipids
• Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
– split “personality”
– fatty acid tails = hydrophobic
(has negative charge, therefore attracted to
– PO4 head =hydrophillic
polar molecules, such as water)
This end “attracted to water”
interaction with H2O
is complex & very
important!
This end “repelled by water”
Phospholipids in water
• Hydrophilic heads “attracted” to H2O
• Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2O
– can self-assemble into “bubbles”
• can also form a phospholipid bilayer
water
bilayer
water
Why is this important?
• Phospholipids create a barrier in water
– they make cell membranes!
– There is a watery environment inside and outside
the cell
Steroids
• Structure:
– 4 fused Carbon rings + One Functional Group
• different steroids have different functional groups
• Important: different structure = different function
– Examples of steroids: cholesterol, sex hormones (testosterone and
estrogen)
cholesterol
From Cholesterol  Sex
Hormones
• What a big difference a few atoms can make!
LIPIDS
• All Lipids are INSOLUBLE in water!
Because of their non-polar components