The Mine Water Project in Heerlen the Netherlands: development of a geothermal mine water pilot towards a full scale hybrid low exergy infrastructure Peter Op ‘t Veld, Bert Gilissen

Huygen Engineers & Consultants Maastricht, the Netherlands

Content

• Mine Water Project as a pilot (1.0) • Boundary conditions buildings • Transitition to a versatile exergy based energy infrastructure (2.0) • Further developments and research • Conclusions

Distribution: Low temperature (‘lowex’) H&C distribution system the primary grid

mine water 1.0 – started as a pilot in 2005

Heerlerheide

Buildings Heerlerheide Centre H C R 2 Warm Wells 28 0 C 35…40 0 C 17 0 C 20…24

Energy station Heerlerheide Centre

0 C

HP HP Option: Regeneration of wells (by HP’s in buildings)

Intermediate Well

Heerlen CBS - APG - ARCUS

Energy stations Energy buildings stations stations buildings

16…18 0 C 2 Cold Wells

From a schematic approach to a LT H&C grid in practice Length 7 km • • • • • • • • • • • Some decision parameters: Length op the grid (Type of) paving Drillings (road crossings) Existing infrastructures Impact on wells Flow directions Ecology Archaeology Soil (pollution) Permits Costs

Demand side: the buildings current connections to the grid

Heerlen location – Heerlerheide Centre (2005 – 2012)

• • • • • •

Location Heerlerheide Centre 312 apartments 3800 m2 commercial buildings 2500 m2 public and cultural buildings 11500 m2 health care buildings 2200 m2 educational buildings Energy station

CBS building: new office, 21.000m2

Completed and connected 2009 Arcus College: new school, 25.000m2

Completed and connected 2014

Heerlen Centre

ABP building: retrofitting, office 40.000m2

Retrofitting completed, connected 2013

Boundary conditions: What is “extra” needed to make a building minewater proof/lowex (NL)?

See also IEA EBC Annex 49: www.annex49.info

Building Reg’s NL Practice 2014 NL Mine water Lowex

Thermal insulation

Envelope U = 0.37

Glazing U = 3.0

Ventilation

No system requirements

Air tightness

n 50 = 3

Emission system

No requirements

HVAC system/efficiency

No requirements (but in EPR)

Energy Performance (EPC) dwellings

0.6

Thermal insulation

Envelope U = 0.26

Glazing U = 1,2 – 1,5

Ventilation

50% ME/50% MVHR

Air tightness

n 50 < 2

Emission system

Radiators

HVAC system/efficiency

Condensing boilers η = 95% No cooling

EPC dwellings

0.6

Thermal insulation

Envelope U < 0.25

Glazing U < 1.2

Ventilation

MVHR η = 95%

Air tightness

n 50 <1

Emission system

Floor heating and cooling

HVAC system/efficiency

Mine water with heat pumps (boiler back up) Sustainable cooling

EPC dwellings

< 0.5

LowEx direct heating and cooling

Building services: Temperature minewater: 10°C water from shallow layers 20°C high-temperature cooling by thermally activated building parts

Indoor air temperature (exergy zero-level)

30°C water from deeper layers 40°C 50°C low-temperature heating by thermally activated building parts

Indirect heating and cooling

Building services: Additional cooling energy (heat pumps etc.) Temperature minewater: 10°C water from shallow layers low-temperature cooling by air-conditiong 20°C

Indoor air temperature (exergy zero-level)

30°C water from deeper layers 40°C 50°C Additional heating energy (heat pumps etc.) medium-temperature heating by heated air

Optimization by using Load Duration Curves

• Dynamical buildings simulations (by TRNSYS) • Temperature levels for heating, cooling and DHW • Ratio RES (and HP) and conventional • Balancing H and C storage • Optimization transmission and ventilation losses and seasonal operation • Enlarging the ‘dead-zone’ = period without H or C demand >

conflict with energy exploitation and economical feasibility! (decrease of energy demand = decrease of profits)

Optimizing ratio RES/conventional by using a LD curve (location Heerlerheide)

Load Duration Curve Heerlerheide Centre (buildings)

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 -500 1000 optelling vermogens ruimteverwarming [watt] Vermogens WP's heat supply in peaks by boilers heat supply by minewater i.c.w. heat pumps dead band 2000 verwarmen 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 koelen 8000 8760 cold supply by minwwater i.c..w. heat pumps -1000

Jaar [uren]

Towards Mine Water 2.0:

Long term maximum use of geothermal underground for sustainable heating and cooling of buildings

• Energy

exchange

 instead of energy Between buildings by cluster grids

supply

:  Between clusters by the mine water grid  Using Exergy Principles • Energy storage and regeneration of mine water reservoirs instead of depletion • Enlargement hydraulic and thermal capacity mine water system • Fully automatic control and demand driven: heat and cold • supply at any time • Addition of poly generation like Bio CHP, reuse of waste heat (data center; industry), closed greenhouse, cooling towers etc.

> The mine water energy supply is the backbone for this

Towards Mine Water 2.0

Return well HLN3 out of order Cluster grids Injection wells T hot return T cold return 16˚C 28˚C 16˚C

CLUSTER D Componenta-Otterveurdt

HLN1 HLN3

CLUSTER A Arcus-APG CLUSTER B CBS Maankwartier

HLN2 June 2013 HH2

CLUSTER C Weller HHC

HH1

Example ‘Cluster D’

CLUSTER D Componenta-Otterveurdt

Cluster D (north west Heerlen)

• Connections: – Iron foundry (industrial waste heat supply) – Swimming pool – Retail store – Community building/school • ‘Hoovering grid’: grid with flexible temperatures – Heat: 29 – 50 0 C – Cold: 15 – 20 0 C • Local storage at user level – Reduction capacity heat pumps in buildings – Reducing connected power, allowing more customers on the grid – Dealing with daily fluctations H&C demand (day T amplitude)

Scheme for standardized solution in cluster grids

Cluster grid Heat exchangers Mine water energy station DHW Heat pump(s) Storage for day amplitude Building energy station End user

Further R&D towards general application in lowex infrastructures

(TKI LowEx OLEC and IEA Annex 64) Theme 1. Utilization of low exergy heat and cold at district level 3. System controls State of Art

Only sub-optimal utilization at building level, occasionally at project level, not at district level Storage only in Heat/Cold storage (aquifers) at one temperature level with simple grids

2. Flexibility and up-scaling

Projects with local storage and distribution are normally designed once as a fixed configuration Current DH&C grids are simple and don’t have advanced control systems, aimed for energy efficiency and sustainability

S&T Deadlocks

Development of technologies tailor made per project with only one specific energy source. System selection is considered per project as complex tailor-fit engineering. Limited or no application of underground storage at different or higher temperatures. No view at combination with other low exergy flows by combination with energy flows from (other) buildings en building functions or environmental functions like ground, ground water Modifications, extensions, change of sources, customers and storage and up-scaling often not possible No advanced control systems available at district level. Inertia of infrastructure, sources and storage systems is an unknown factor.

Innopvations to make in LowEx OLEC

1.a Tool for planning and scenario analyses for energy infrastructure for lowex DH&C 1.b Elaboration of a number of configurations at technical and economic level for different sources, storage possibilities and temperature levels 1.c Development of underground storage at differentiated and/or higher temperatures. 1.d Possibilities for dynamical extension of hydraulic and thermal capacity of distribution grid 1.e combination with soil decontamination 2.a By standardization of configurations repetition potential is possible 2.b Modular solutions and configurations to scale size and type of buildings and lowex sources Design of a Central Management System (CMS) to link buildings, sources and storage to a ‘virtual’ energy station

Further R&D towards general application in lowex infrastructures

Theme 4. Planning of total system (source, storage, distribution, user) 5. Performance and performance guarantees 6. Financing and exploitation State of Art

No consideration of energy infrastructure as a Total system for energy 0 community planning Technologies and components are being designed and dimensioned and assessed separately and fragmented Performances are guarded only on component and building level (if commissioning takes place) Professionals (at all levels, blue and white collar) have only limited skills and knowledge Financial assessments and considerations are being made on project level; supply driven market with monopoly position of suppliers (utilities). Not clear who is the ‘owner’ of a storage system

S&T Deadlocks

No vision in potential and costs modification of energy infrastructures Dynamic thermal tool and dynamic hydraulic model available but not linked yet and not user friendly And applicable for planning, not user friendly yet No clear vision of performance guarantees at system level Knowledge supply is present (Annex 49, REMINING-lowex en IDES EDU ) but not matched with current skill gaps No ‘owners’ for exploitation of storage and energy supply, no view on economic opportunities and challenges of local exploitation of local energy and storage infrastructures

Innopvations to make in LowEx OLEC

Linking thermal and hydraulic model and making it user friendly as tool for energy planning and scenario analyses, including cost review for financial exploitation. 5.a Combination of comprehensive favourable technical configurations, design tool and a CMS will lead to better control of performances of the total system. 5.b Framework for system of integral performance guarantees 5.c Framework for training and CPD and end-terms for required skills 6.a Financial exploitation model addressing the financial value of storage in combination with renewable and low valued energy sources. Model should clearly underpin the value for exploitation 6.b Involvement of innovative ESCO’s for offering total financing and exploitation models

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Conclusions

The Mine Water project in Heerlen upgraded from a pilot system to a smart grid in heating and cooling with full scale hybrid sustainable energy structure (Mine Water 2.0) Cluster grids are a profound exergy based solution to provide energy exchange between buildings and use of waste heat By poly generation and the application of cluster grids the capacity of the mine water grid can be strongly increased Cluster grid applications are used in combination with low temperature geothermal sources (mine water) and can be applied in general with other sustainable heat and cold energy sources (e.g.

waste heat from data centres and closed greenhouses) Mine Water 2.0 proves that heat pump operation with low-ex heat sources can be commercial feasible

The technologies are general applicable for all types of exergy based energy infrastructure systems It is the Quality of Energy and its Management that counts!