ENGR-36_Lec-20_Cables
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Transcript ENGR-36_Lec-20_Cables
Engineering 36
Chp 7:
Flex Cables
Bruce Mayer, PE
Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
[email protected]
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
1
Bruce Mayer, PE
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Recall Chp10 Introduction
Examine in Detail Two Important
Types Of Engineering Structures:
1. BEAMS - usually long, straight,
prismatic members designed to support
loads applied at various points along
the member
2. CABLES - flexible members capable
of withstanding only tension, designed
to support concentrated or
distributed loads
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Load-Bearing Cables
Göteborg, Sweden
Straight
Curved
WHY the Difference?
http://www.nmt.edu/~armiller/bridgefu.htm
Cables are applied as structural elements in
suspension bridges, transmission lines, aerial
tramways, guy wires for high towers, etc.
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Concentrated Loads on Cables
To Determine the Cable
SHAPE, Assume:
a) Concentrated vertical loads
on given vertical lines
b) Weight of cable is negligible
c) Cable is flexible, i.e.,
resistance to bending
is small
d) Portions of cable between successive loads may be
treated as TWO FORCE MEMBERS
•
Internal Forces at any point reduce to
TENSION Directed ALONG the Cable Axis
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Bruce Mayer, PE
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Concentrated Loads (2)
Consider entire cable
as a free-body
Slopes of cable at A
and B are NOT known
FOUR unknowns
(i.e., Ax, Ay, Bx, By)
are involved and the
equations of equilibrium
are NOT sufficient to
determine the
reactions.
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Bruce Mayer, PE
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Concentrated Loads (3)
To Obtain an additional equation
• Consider equilibrium of
cable-section AD
• Assume that CoOrdinates of SOME
point D, (x,y), on the cable have been
Determined (e.g., by measurement)
Then the added Eqn: M D 0
With pt-D info, the FOUR Equilibrium Eqns
1` Fx 0 Ax Bx
2 Fy 0 Ay By P1 P2 P1
3 M A 0 Bxd By L P1x1 P2 x2 P3 x3
4 M D 0 P1x x1 Ax y Ay x
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Concentrated Loads (4)
The 4 Eqns Yield Ax & Ay
Can Now Work our Way Around
the Cable to Find VERTICAL
DISTANCE (y-CoOrd) For
ANY OTHER point
known
Example Consider Pt C2
M 0 yields y
F 0, F 0 yields T ,T
C2
x
UNknown
2
y
x
Tx T cos Ax constant
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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known
known
y
known
known
Bruce Mayer, PE
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known
Example Concentrated Loads
The cable AE
supports three
vertical loads from
the points indicated.
Point C is 5 ft below
the left support
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For the Given
Loading &
Geometry,
Determine:
a) The elevation of
points B and D
b) The maximum slope
and maximum
tension in the cable.
Bruce Mayer, PE
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Example Concentrated Loads
Known
CoOrds
•
Solution Plan
• Determine reaction
force components at
pt-A from solution of
two equations
•
formed from taking
entire cable as a
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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free-body and summing
moments about E, and from
taking cable portion ABC
as a free-body and
summing moments about C.
Calculate elevation of B by
considering AB as a
free-body and summing
moments B. Similarly,
calculate elevation of D
using ABCD as a free-body.
Evaluate maximum slope
and maximum tension
which occur Bruce
in DE.
Mayer, PE
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Example Concentrated Loads
entire cable as a
free-body and
summing moments
about E:
M
E
0:
20Ax 60Ay 406 3012 154 0
20Ax 60Ay 660 0
Determine two
OR
reaction force
components at A
Ax 3 Ay 33
from solution of two
equations formed
from taking the
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Example Concentrated Loads
M
C
0:
5 Ax 30Ay 106 0
OR
Next take Cable
Section ABC as a
Free-Body, and
Sum the Moments
about Point C
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Ax 6 Ay 12
Recall from ΣME
Ax 3Ay 33
Solving 2-Eqns in
2-Unknowns for
Ax & Ay
Ax 18 kips
Ay 5 kips
Bruce Mayer, PE
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Example Concentrated Loads
Determine elevation of B
by considering AB as a
free-body and summing
moments about B.
y B 18 520 0
MB 0:
y B 5.56 ft
Similarly, Calc elevation at D
using ABCD as a free-body
M
D
0:
yD 18 455 256 1512 0
yD 5.83 ft
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Maximum Tension
Analysis
By the ΣFx = 0
F
x
0 Ax Tx OR
Tx Ax
but
Tx T cos
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T
Solving T Ax
cos
for T
Thus T is Maximized
by Maximum θ
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Find Maximum Segment Angle
Use the y-data just calculated to find the
cable segment of steepest slope
Pt x (ft) y (ft) Seg ∆x (ft)
A 0
0
AB 20
B 20 -5.56
BC 10
C 30
-5
CD 15
D 45 5.83
DE
15
E 60
20
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∆y (ft) θ by aTan(∆y/∆x) (°)
-5.56
-15.54
0.56
3.21
10.83
35.83
14.17
43.37
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Example Concentrated Loads
Use yD to Determine
Geometry of tanθ
14.17
tan
43
.
4
15
Evaluate maximum Employ the
Just-Determined θ
slope and maximum
to Find Tmax
tension which occur
18 kips
in the segment with
Tmax
cos
the STEEPEST
Slope (large θ); DE
Tmax 24.8 kips
in this case
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Distributed Loads on Cables
For a negligibleWeight Cable
carrying a
Distributed Load of
Arbitrary Profile
y
a) The cable hangs in
shape of a CURVE
b) INTERNAL force is
a tension force
directed along the
TANGENT to the
curve
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x
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Distributed Loads (2)
Consider the Free-Body for a
portion of cable extending from
LOWEST point C to given point
D. Forces are T0 (FH in the Text
Book) at Lo-Pt C, and the
tangential force T at D
From the Force Triangle
T cos T0
T
T02
W
T sin W
2
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W
tan
T0
Bruce Mayer, PE
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Distributed Loads (3)
Some Observations based on
Tx T cos T0
Ty T sin W
T T W
2
0
•
•
•
2
Horizontal component of T is
uniform over the Cable Length
Vertical component of T is equal to
the magnitude of W
Tension is minimum at lowest point
(min θ), and maximum at A and B
(max θ)
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W
tan
T0
Bruce Mayer, PE
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Parabolic Cable
Consider a cable supporting a
uniform, horizontally distributed
load, e.g., support cables for a
suspension bridge.
With loading on cable from lowest
point C to a point D given by internal
tension force, T, and Vertical Load
wx
W = wx, find: T T 2 w2 x 2
tan
0
Summing moments about D
x
M
0
:
wx
T0 y 0
D
2
The shape, y, is PARABOLIC: y
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T0
2
wx
2T0
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T0 for Uniform Vertical Load
Consider the
uniformly Loaded
Cable
• In this case: w(x) = w
– w is a constant
L
L is the Suspension
Span: L xB xA
wx 2
From
y
Last Slide
2T0
Or x 2T0 y w
Then x B 2T0 yB w
xB & xA x A 2T0 y A w
Thus L
L 2T0 yB w 2T0 y A w
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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T0 for Uniform Vertical Load
Factoring Out 2T0/w
L T0 2 w
yB y A
Isolating T0
T0
2
L2 w
yB y A
2
If WE design the
Suspension System,
then we KNOW
• L (Span)
• w (Load)
• yA & yB (Dims)
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Example
• L= 95 m (312 ft)
• w = 640 N/m
(44 lb/ft)
• yA = 19m
• yB = 37m
Then
T0 = 26 489 N
(5955 lb)
Tmax
by
2
Tmax T02 w2 xmax
Bruce Mayer, PE
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Tmax for Uniform Vertical Load
Find xmax from
x B 2T0 yB w
In this case
xmax = 55.3 m
(181 ft)
And finally
Tmax = 44 228 N
(9 943 lbs)
• Buy Cable rated to
20 kip for Safety
factor of 2.0
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>> L = 95
L =
95
>> w = 640
w =
640
MATLAB
Calcs
>> yA = 19
yA =
19
>> yB = 37
yB =
37
>> TO =L^2*w/(2*(sqrt(yB)+sqrt(yA))^2)
TO =
2.6489e+04
>> xB = sqrt(2*TO*yB/w)
xB =
55.3420
>> Tmax = sqrt(TO^2 + (w*xB)^2)
Tmax =
4.4228e+04
Bruce Mayer, PE
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Load-Bearing Cables
Göteborg, Sweden
Vertically
Loaded
End Loads
NO Deck-Support Cables
Deck-Support COLUMNS
http://www.nmt.edu/~armiller/bridgefu.htm
Tension in the Straight-Section is roughly Equal
to the Parabolic-Tension at the Tower-Top.
• So the Support Tower does Not Bend
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Bruce Mayer, PE
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UNloaded Cable → Catenary
Consider a cable uniformly
loaded by the cable itself,
e.g., a cable hanging under
its own weight.
•
With loading on the cable from
lowest point C to a point D given
by W = ws, the Force Triangle
reveals the internal tension force
magnitude at Pt-D:
T T02 w2 s 2 w2 T02 w2 s 2 w c 2 s 2
– Where
c T0 w ft or m
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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UNloaded Cable → Catenary (2)
Next, relate horizontal
distance, x, to cable-length s
dx ds cos
T0
But by Force
cos
Balance Triangle
T
Also From last slide recall
T w c2 s2
and
T 0 wc
Thus
T0
wc
c
dx ds cos ds
ds
ds
T
w c2 s2
c2 s2
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Bruce Mayer, PE
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UNloaded Cable → Catenary (3)
Factoring Out c in DeNom
c
c
dx
ds
ds
c2 s2
c c2 c2 s2 c2
Finally the Differential Eqn
dx
1
1 s c
2
2
Integrate Both Sides using
Dummy Variables of Integration:
•
σ: 0→x
η: 0→s
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ds
Bruce Mayer, PE
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UNloaded Cable → Catenary (4)
Using σ: 0→x
x
x
0
0
s
d
0
η: 0→s
1
d
1 2 c2
Now the R.H.S. AntiDerivative is the argSINH
d
x
0
s
0
s
d c arg sinh
2
2
c 0
1 c
1
Noting that
1
argsinh 0 sinh 0 0
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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UNloaded Cable → Catenary (5)
Thus the Solution to the Integral Eqn
s
x
0
1 s
x 0 c arg sinh c sinh 0
c 0
c
x
s
1 s
Then x c sinh sinh
c
c
c
1
Solving for s in
terms of x by
taking the sinh of
both sides
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s
x
sinh
c
c
Bruce Mayer, PE
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UNloaded Cable → Catenary (6)
Finally, Eliminate s in favor
of x & y. From the Diagram
dy dx tan
From the
Force Triangle
And From Before
W ws and T0 wc
So the Differential Eqn
W
ws
s
dy dx tan dx
dx dx
T0
wc
c
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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W
tan
T0
Bruce Mayer, PE
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UNloaded Cable → Catenary (7)
s
x
sinh
c
c
Recall the Previous Integration
That Relates x and s
Using s(x) above in the last ODE
W
s
ws
x
dy tan dx dx
dx dx sinh dx
c
wc
c
To
Integrating the ODE with Dummy Variables:
•
y
c
Ω: c→y
d
y
c
σ: 0→x
sinh
0
c
x
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d c cosh
c
x
0
Bruce Mayer, PE
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UNloaded Cable → Catenary (8)
Noting that cosh(0) = 1
x
y
c
y c c cosh
c 0
x
c cosh c
c
Solving for y yields the
Catenary Equation:
y c coshx c
•
Where
– c = T0/w
– T0 = the 100% laterally directed force at the ymin point
– w = the lineal unit weight of the cable (lb/ft or N/m)
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Bruce Mayer, PE
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Catenary Comments
y c coshx c
c T0 w
With Hyperbolic-Trig ID: cosh2 – sinh2 = 1
y 2 s 2 c 2 cosh2 x c c 2 sinh2 x c
y 2 s 2 c 2 cosh2 x c sinh2 x c c 2
Or: y c s
Recall From the Differential Geometry
2
2
and c y s
2
2
2
T c, s w c 2 s 2 w y 2 wy T y
wx
wx
T0
T0 cosh
or T x wy w cosh
w
T0
T0
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2
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Loaded & Unloaded Cable Profiles
550
PARAMETERS
• w/T0 = 0.1 (Parabola)
• c = 50 (Catenary)
Parabola (Loaded)
500
Catenary (Unloaded)
450
Relative Vertical Displacement, y
Loaded and
Unloaded
Cables
Compared
wx 2
y
2T0
400
350
300
250
200
150
y c coshx c
100
50
0
-100
-75
file = Catenary-Parabola_0407.xls
-50
-25
25
50
75
Relative Horizontal Displacement, x
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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0
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100
y = 0 at Cable Minimum
Translate the CoOrd
System Vertically
from Previous:
xx
No Change
yO y c
y yO c
Recall Eqn for y−c
x
y c c cosh c
c
Sub y = yO+c
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yO
x
yO c c c cosh c
c
Thus with Origin at
cable Minimum
x
yO c cosh c
c
Bruce Mayer, PE
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y = 0 at Cable Minimum (2)
Then
x
yO c cosh 1
c
yO
L
Recall c = T0/w
Thus
x
T0
1
yO cosh
w
T
w
0
Next, Change the
Name of the Cable’s
Lineal Specific
Weight (N/m or lb/ft)
w
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Bruce Mayer, PE
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y = 0 at Cable Minimum (3)
With µ replacing w
T0
x
yO cosh 1
T0
In Summary can
Use either
Formulation based
on Axes Origin:
yO
L
T0 w
T0
wx
y cosh
w
T0
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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T0
x
yO cosh 1
T0
Bruce Mayer, PE
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Cable Length, S, for Catenary
Using this Axes Set
yO
L
W = µs
With Cable macrosegment and
differential-segment
at upper-right
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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The Force Triangle
for the
MacroW
= µs
Segment
Bruce Mayer, PE
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Cable Length, S , for Catenary
s
By Force
tan
Triangle
T0
But by Differential
Segment notice
dy
tan
dx
By Transitive
Property
dy µs
tan
dx T0
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Now ReCall
T0
x
y cosh
1
T0
Then dy/dx
dy d T0
x
x
1 sinh
cosh
dx dx
T0
T0
Subbing into the
tanθ expression
dy
µx µs
sinh
dx
T0 T0
Bruce Mayer, PE
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Cable Length, S , for Catenary
Solving the last Eqn
for s
T0
µx
s sinh
µ
T0
From the CoOrds
So Finally
T0
µxB
µx A
S sinh
sinh
µ
T0
T0
yO
L
S s OB s OA
s xB s x A
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Now find T(y)
Recall T = f(x)
x
T T0 cosh
T0
Bruce Mayer, PE
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T(y) for Catenary
Also ReCall
T0
x
y cosh
1
T0
Solve above for
cosh
µx
T T0 cosh
T0
µy
T T0 1 µy T0
T0
x
µ
µy
cosh
y 1
1
T0
T0
T0
Sub cosh into T(x)
Expression
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Bruce Mayer, PE
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Catenary Summary
y(x)
T0
x
y cosh
1
T0
µx
T T0 cosh
T(x)
T0
T(y)
T µy T0
S(x)
Slope at any pt
dy
µx µs
sinh
dx
T0 T0
Angle θ at any pt
µx µs
tan sinh
T0 T0
T0
µxB
µx A
S sinh
sinh
µ
T0
T0
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Bruce Mayer, PE
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WhiteBoard Work
Let’s Work
These Nice
Problems
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Engineering 36
Appendix
dy
µx µs
sinh
dx
T0 T0
Bruce Mayer, PE
Registered Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
[email protected]
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
43
Bruce Mayer, PE
[email protected] • ENGR-36_Lec-20_Cables.pptx
WhiteBoard Work
Let’s Work
These Nice
Problems
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Bruce Mayer, PE
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T0
w
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
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Bruce Mayer, PE
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