Transcript snc1l u2l17 biology unit test review

BIOLOGY UNIT REVIEW
Lesson 17
CELL THEORY
1.
2.
3.
4.
All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic unit of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
All cells are basically the same in chemical
composition.
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Part
Function
1. Tube
Separates the
ocular lens from
the objective lens
Holds the
objective lenses
Magnify
specimen; three
lenses are usually
4X, 10X, and 40X
Supports the slide
for observation
2. Revolving
nosepiece
3. Objective
lenses
4. Stage
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Part
Function
5. Diaphragm Allows light to pass
6. Condenser
lens
7. Lamp
8. Base
9. Fine
adjustment
knob
through the specimen
Focuses light onto the
specimen
Supplies the light that
passes through the
specimen
Provides a stable
platform
for the microscope
Sharpens an image
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Part
Function
10. Coarse
adjustment
knob
11. Stage clips
Moves the stage up or
down to focus on the
specimen
Hold the slide in
position
on the stage
Holds the tube in place
and is used to carry the
microscope
Magnifies the specimen,
usually by 10X; single
lens
12. Arm
13. Eyepiece
or ocular
Lens
CARE AND HANDLING
Always carry the microscope using two hands. One
hand should be on the arm and the other one should
be under the base.
 Clean microscope lenses with lens paper ONLY. Other
types of paper scratch the lenses.
 When you put away the microscope, make sure it is
set on low power.

NAME THE MICROSCOPE PART THAT DOES EACH
JOB.
Job
Microscope part
Turns to switch from
Revolving
one lens to another
Nosepiece
Holds the slide in place Slide Clips
Brings objects into
Adjustment knob
clearer focus
Controls the amount of Diaphragm
light
FOCUSSING
Use the coarse adjustment knob to make big changes
in focus. Use it only on low power!
 Use the fine-adjustment knob to make very small
changes in focus.
 Move the lens upward when focussing.

FOCUSSING ON LOW POWER
Start on low power
 Turn the coarse adjustment knob slowly upward until
the object is in focus
 Then use the fine-adjustment knob to finishing
focusing.

FOCUSSING ON MEDIUM AND HIGH POWER
Turn the nosepiece until the lens of the next higher
power faces the stage. Make sure the lens does not hit
the stage as you turn it.
 Focus using the fine adjustment knob only. Always
focus by moving the lens upward.


1.
2.
Scientists used the microscope to discover that all
living things are made up of cells! There are two
main types of cells.
Plant Cells
Animal cells
PLANT CELLS
CELL WALL

Supports and protects the cell. Only plant
cells have cell walls.
CELL MEMBRANE

Controls what goes in and out of the cell
NUCLEUS

Controls all the activities of the cell
CHLOROPLAST

Makes food for the plant. Chloroplasts are green
and are found only in plant cells.
MITOCHONDRION

Produces energy in the cell
VACUOLE

Stores food, water, and waste in the cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Transports food, water, and waste around the cell
CYTOPLASM

A jelly like substance that holds all the organelles in
place.
ANIMAL CELLS
CELL MEMBRANE
Controls
the cell
what goes in and out of
CELL MEMBRANE
Controls
the cell
what goes in and out of
NUCLEUS
Controls
cell
all the activities of the
MITOCHONDRION
Produces
energy in the cell
VACUOLE
Stores
food, water, and waste in
the cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Transports
food, water, and waste
around the cell
CYTOPLASM
A
jelly like substance that holds all
the organelles in place.

For the diagram above, colour each organelle
listed on the page. Also, be sure to colour in the
square beside the name of the organelle.
HOW YOUR BODY IS ORGANIZED
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All living things are made up of cells, but the organization of
those cells is what makes multicellular organisms possible.
Cells that join and work together are called tissues
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Tissues that join together and work together are
called organs


Example – the muscles that move your eyes are tissues
Example – the heart is a major organ in the body
Organs work together in systems

The circulatory system includes organs such as the heart, blood,
arteries and veins.
ANIMAL TISSUE TYPES: (4 MAJOR
TYPES)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscle tissues
Nerve tissues
EPITHELIAL TISSUES

The main purpose of epithelial tissues is to
protect the organism from dehydration while
also providing a resistance to friction. These thin
sheets of tightly packed cells cover surfaces such
as skin as well as the lining of internal organs.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

The main purpose of connective tissues is to
provide support and insulation. These cells
and fibers are held together by a liquid, a solid or
a gel, known as a matrix.

Connective tissues are cells in a matrix. Blood
cells course through the body in a fluid matrix. In
fibrous connective tissue cells are scattered
among the collagen fibers they secreted. In bone
and cartilage, cells are scattered throughout the
hard or pliable matrix.
MUSCLE TISSUE


The main purpose of muscles tissues is for the
body to move. They are made of long, thin fibers
that contain specialized proteins capable of
shortening or contracting.
Muscle tissues are of three types.
STRIATED

Striated muscle cells are large, multinucleate,
and column shaped cells; they are chiefly
attached to the skeleton.
SMOOTH

Smooth muscle cells are small and
mononucleate; they are found in the walls of
tubes such as blood vessels, glandular ducts, and
the digestive system.
CARDIAC

Cardiac muscle cells of the heart are small,
striated, and branched.
NERVOUS TISSUE
The main purpose of nervous tissues is to provide
sensory sensations which allow for
communication with the brain which allow for
the coordination of body functions (including
reactions). These thin cells with fine branches at
the ends are capable of conducting electrical
impulses.
 Nervous tissues consist of the neurons
themselves that transmit impulses and the cells
that act as supporting connective tissue in the
brain and spinal cord.

NERVOUS TISSUE

The respiratory system does its job every time
you take a breath.

You Inhale or breath in air, which contains oxygen.
The blood delivers the oxygen to all the cells in your
body. Without oxygen, your body cells would die.

You exhale or breathe out carbon dioxide. Carbon
dioxide is a waste product that your cells make but
cannot use.
STUDY THE PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM.
The Windpipe is a tube for air at the front of
your throat. Colour it yellow
 The Lungs are your breathing organs. Colour
them red.

HOW DOES THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
WORK?

This is what happens when you breathe.
You inhale air through your nose or mouth
 The air flows through the windpipe
 The windpipe divides into two tubes that lead to the
lungs.
 Inside each lung, oxygen passes into the air and
carbon dioxide is breathed out.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Blood carries oxygen and food to the cells. It carries
carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the cells.
The job of the circulatory system is to move the blood
throughout your body.
PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. Heart – Muscle that pumps blood
2.Arteries – Blood vessels that carry blood away from
the heart to body cells
3. Veins – Blood vessels that carry blood back to the
heart
4. Blood – Carries nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide
and waste to and from cells.
HOW DOES THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM WORK?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The heart gets oxygen rich blood from
the lungs.
The arteries take the blood away from
the heart to the body cells
Veins return blood from the body cells
to the heart
The blood is them pumped through an
artery to the lungs to get more
oxygen.
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=PGI80UEAMO
HEART RATE AND BLOOD
PRESSURE

Your heart is a pump. When it squeezes, it pushes
blood through the arteries. The blood is forced out of
your heart under pressure. You can feel this rush of
blood when you check your pulse. Your pulse
measures your heart rate. Your heart rate is the rate
at which your heart beats. It is measured in beats per
minute.
HEART RATE
Measure your heart rate using a stopwatch.
 Find your pulse on the side of your neck. Use your
middle finger and ring finger
 Then count the beats in one minute

BLOOD PRESSURE

The force the heart uses to pump blood all over the
body is called Blood Pressure. Use a blood pressure
cuff to measure blood pressure.
BLOOD PRESSURE

When you take a blood pressure reading, you get two
numbers, such as 120/80. You say “120 over 80”. The
two numbers show the blood pressure at two different
parts of your heart’s pumping cycle.
YOUR HEART TAKES TURNS SQUEEZING AND THEN
RELAXING.
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When the heart squeezes to pump blood, blood
pressure rises. This gives the first number called
systolic pressure.
When the heart relaxes, blood pressure drops. This
gives the second number, called diastolic pressure.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM


Digestion begins when you put food in your mouth
The Esophagus pushes food to your stomach through
wave-like muscle movements.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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
The Stomach muscles squeeze to mix food and
release chemicals to break up food.
The Small Intestine has chemicals to digest food. In
the small intestine, nutrients from the food provide
energy to your body. The small intestine also
separates out the waste.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM


In the large intestine, additional nutrients are
absorbed into the bloodstream. The large intestine
also moves waste out of the body.
The anus discharges waste from the body.
HOW DOES THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM WORK?

Your digestive system breaks down food you eat to get
the nutrients your body needs. This work involves
three different processes.
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
Mechanical digestion – teeth break up the food;
your stomach muscles mix it into small pieces
- Colour the parts involved in mechanical digestion
green
1.
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
2. Chemical digestion – chemicals in your mouth,
stomach, and small intestine break down food into
even smaller pieces. These chemicals are called
enzymes.
 Circle the parts involved in chemical digestion
ABSORPTION
3. Absorption – Nutrients move into the blood through
the small and large intestines.
 Colour the parts involved in absorption yellow.
FUNCTIONS OF SKIN:

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
Protects inner cells
Shields the body from harmful solar rays
Defence against germs
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
Senses the external environment
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The bodies first line of defence
4 Types of nerve cells
Insulator in cold weather
Helps to release heat by sweating
Produces Vitamin D in sunlight
LAYERS OF THE SKIN:
Outer layer is called the Epidermis
 Inner layer is called the Dermis

SKIN CARE
• Wash frequently
• Clean wounds
• Treat burns seriously
• Don’t touch blemishes (pimple, spots)
• Proper diet: fruit, vegetables, and water.

Healthy skin contains around 10% moisture.
QUESTIONS:
How does a layer of oil on the skin
hold in moisture?
 It
helps prevent the water from
evaporating
What are two things that skin
creams do?
 Moisturizes the skin
 Adds a protective oil layer

Inside each lung,
there are tiny air sacs
called Alveoli. The
alveoli are surrounded
by capillaries, which
are very small blood
vessels that connect
the arteries and veins.
The alveoli and capillaries have very thin cell
membranes.
 The oxygen passes through the membrane of the
capillary into the blood.
 Carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction.
The gas moves from the blood into the alveolus.

Nutrients enter the blood
from the small intestine.
The blood carries nutrients
to the body cells.
 Wastes pass from the cells
back into the blood. The
wastes leave the body.

On the inside wall of
the small
 Intestine, there are
many villi, which
look like tiny fingers.



Inside the villi, there are
many capillaries. The villi
and capillaries have very
thin cell membranes.
The nutrients pass through
the villi into the capillaries.

Waste products from the
body cells pass into the
capillaries before the body
gets rid of them.
ARCTIC PLANT SURVIVAL

Perennials

Due to the short growing season, most tundra plants
are perennials, they spend several years gathering
and storing nutrients between each episode of seed
production. Many can reproduce by sending runner
through the soil, sprouting new plants at the nodes.
This is less costly than blooming and producing seeds
and fruit.

Heat Efficient

To deal with cool summers, the flowers of Arctic
dryad and Arctic poppy revolve slowly thought the
long days, catching the sun’s rays.

Protective Covering

Some plants, such as the wooly lousewort, protect
themselves from wind, desiccation, and cold by
growing thick “fur” that is made up thousands of
tiny, curly hairs.

Nutrition

Some tundra plants, such as Labrador tea and Arctic
dryad, retain old leaves rather than dropping them.
This conserves nutrients and helps protect the plant
from cold, windscour and desiccation.
ROOT RESPONSE TO GRAVITY.
Plant roots support the plant and absorb water.
Plants need to the water to help make food.
 The roots of most plants grow down. Roots
respond to Gravity. Gravity is the force that
causes things to try to move towards the center of
Earth.

Flowers are part of the reproductive system
plants and can develop into fruit in some plants.
 The stem provides structure and pathways for
transport
 Leaves take part in photosynthesis, respiration
and transpiration.



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In plants, making food and releasing energy from
food are connected.
During photosynthesis, plants make their own
food.
During Respiration, food is changed into energy
that is released. Both plants and animals use
respiration.
RESPIRATION

Glucose +Oxygen Carbon dioxide +water+ energy


C6 H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + energy
THE PICTURE SHOWS THE PROCESS OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The plant takes in water and
carbon dioxide and uses energy
from sunlight to make glucose.
Oxygen is also produced in this
process. The oxygen is released
from the leaves into the air.
THE EQUATION SHOWS WHAT HAPPENS
DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Carbon dioxide + Water +Energy  Glucose
+Oxygen


CO2 + H2O+ Energy  C6 H12O6 + O2
RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CONNECTION
PLANT REPRODUCTION
Plant reproduction is the process of producing
young plants. Plants reproduce in two different
ways:
 Asexual Reproduction involves one parent
producing genetically identical plants. Each plant
is a clone or exact copy of its parents.
 Sexual Reproduction involves two parents, a
male and a female, producing genetically
different plants. The new plants are different
from each other and from the parents.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Root
The new dahlia plant
grows from a root
Stem
The new strawberry
plant grows from the
stem or runner of a
parent plant.
Leaf
Roots and tiny new
plants form at the
bottom of a leaf
cutting from an
African violet
NEW PLANTS FROM GRAFTING

Nursery and greenhouses workers produce new plants by
Grafting. In grafting, the stem of the one plant grows on
the root system of another plant. Experienced nursery
workers are knowledgeable about which plants can be
grafted and different methods of grafting.
A
B
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

Plants flowers contain its reproductive cells.
Many plants have both the male and female sex
organs on the same plant. In some cases they will
have male and female flowers on the same plant
or they can have both the male and female
organs on the same flower.
Anther
Anther
Stigma
Style
Pollen
Grains
Ovary
Filament
Ovules