Transcript Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Krishak Nagar, Raipur

M.P. Pandey
Vice-Chancellor
Indira Gandhi Agricultural University,
Krishak Nagar, Raipur (C.G.) 492 006, India
Chhattisgarh – Profile

Falls under
eastern
plateau and
Hills Zone subdivided into three agro climatic
zones.

Geog. area
137.90 lakh ha.
(4.15 % of the country)

Net sown area
47.70 lakh ha.
(35 % of its geog. area)

57% soil medium to light.

Forest cover
63.55 lakh ha.
(46% of its geog. area)

Average rainfall
1325 mm.
Chhattisgarh vis-à-vis National Average
Particulars
Unit
National
State
2006-07 2006-07
Cropping Intensity
%
135
134
Irrigation
%
42
27
467.80
16.20
kg/ha
113.26
75
Nos.
18
9
Double Cropped Area
Fertilizer Consumption
(Kharif)
Tractor per 1000 ha.
Lakh
ha.
Chhattisgarh - An Overview
•
Farm families: 32.55 lakh (33% ST, 12 % SC).
•
54% Marginal Farmers own 15% land
•
22% Small Farmers own 19% land.
•
24% Others own 66% land.
•
Average land holding: 1.6 ha
•
Rice is a major kharif crop which occupies 75% of the
total kharif
cropped
area
cereals 2%, Pulses 9%,
(47.80
lakh
ha.).
Other
Oilseeds 7% & Other crops
7%.
•
Area under Rabi crops 16.14 Lakh ha. which constitutes
only 34 % of the net sown area.
•
Net irrigated area 12.82 lakh ha (27 %)
•
Cropping intensity 134 %.
Annual
Rainfall in
Chhattisgarh
Regional Climate Change ( 1870 to 2000)
Annual Total Rainfall for Chhattisgarh
Since 1950, most years are with below normal rains
Source wise Irrigation
Canals
8.87
70 %
Tanks
0.52
4%
Tube-wells
2.24
17 %
Wells
0.35
3%
Other Sources
0.84
Total
6%
12.82 100 %
Land situation of different states (%)
Land
Chhattisgarh
situation
Madhya
Orissa
Jharkhand
Pradesh
Up land
20
20
45.78
40
Mid land
45
65
29.97
35
Low land
35
25
24.25
25
Area, Production and Yield
of Food grains ( 2007-08 )
State
Area
Area
% AllIndia
Production
Production
% All-India
Yield
Uttar Pradesh
19.08
15.38
42.09
18.24
2206
West Bengal
6.36
5.3
16.5
6.95
2525
Bihar
7.03
5.67
10.86
4.71
1546
Orissa
5.49
4.42
8.14
3.53
1484
Chhattisgarh
5.08
4.09
6.29
2.73
1238
Jharkhand
2.44
1.97
4.16
1.80
1709
Challenge for the future
Items
Production (Mt)
Demand of food
(Mt)
Demand of food
(Mt)
2000/2009
2010
2020
Rice
85.4/91
103.6
122.1
Wheat
71.0/80
85.8
102.8
Coarse grains
29.9/34
34.9
40.9
Food grains
200.8/234
245.7
293.6
Pulses
16.1/14.6
21.4
27.8
•
The need of 21st century may return to one of the despair.
It could be avoid only with increased emphasis on genetic
improvement of crops as there are limits to area that can be
brought to production, that can be irrigated or the amount
of fertilizer and pesticides that can effectively be used.
•
This will be a challenge for 21st century, to scientists and
farmers.
Area and production under major
food crops of Eastern India states
Production (mtonnes)
Area (mha)
Coarse
Oil
Oil
Coarse
Rice Wheat cereals Maize Pulses seeds Rice Wheat cereal Maize Pulses seeds
Uttar
Pradesh
5.71
9.12
2.1
0.84
2.16
1.34
11.78 25.68
3.06
1.21
1.58
1.15
West
Bengal
5.72
0.35
0.1
0.08
0.19
0.71
14.72
0.92
0.27
0.24
0.15
0.71
Bihar
3.57
2.16
0.69
0.64
0.61
0.14
4.42
4.45
1.5
1.46
0.5
0.14
Orissa
4.45
-
0.17
-
0.86
0.32
7.54
-
0.21
-
0.38
2
0.16
0.32
0.09
0.29
Chhattisgarh 3.75
Jharkhand
1.65
0.18 0.92 0.65 5.43 0.21 0.23 0.28 0.54
0.24
0.41
-
3.34
0.14
0.39
0.36
0.3
0.5
-
Yield ( kg/ha ) of
Rice , Wheat, Coarse Cereals, Maize, Pulses
and Oil seeds of Eastern India states
Yield (kg/ha)
Uttar
Pradesh
West Bengal
Bihar
Orissa
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Rice
Wheat
Coarse
cereal
Maize
2063
2817
1454
1443
731
856
2573
2602
2729
3166
793
997
1237
2058
2185
2274
818
979
1694
-
1219
-
446
608
1446
1301
712
1588
586
764
2018
1621
1349
1509
736
-
Pulses Oil seeds
Fig 2 Top 10 causes of yield losses in rainfed lowland
rice of eastern India
Anthesis Drought
Weeds
Submergence
Seedling Drought
Lodging
Blast
Yellow Stem Borer
Zinc Deficiency
Bacterial Blight
Vegetative Drought
0
(S ourc e - Wida wsky a nd O' Toole 1990)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Millions of Tons
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Production Constraints in Chhattisgarh
Biophysical

Frequent occurrence of drought

Poor irrigated command and low
Technological
•
Lack of flexible technology
options to erratic rainfall
•
fertilizer use
Lack of knowledge on pattern of
fertilizer application

Imbalanced use of fertilizer
•
Delayed sowing/transplanting

Soil problems
•
Continuance of rice-rice cropping
system
Socio-economic

small and fragmented land
holdings

Concentration of poverty

Non-availability of quality seed
and of fertilizer

Poor credit and market facilities

Lack of credit-market-technology
linkage.
•
Lack of suitable varieties for
rainfed environment.
Institutional Constraints
• Lack of extension-research
linkage
• Inadequate credit facilities.
14
Level of Agriculture Development in
major states of India
15
Strategies: Physical
1. Step up the yield level of crops of low productivity areas easiest
2. Bring under cultivation the sizable areas as wasteland / rice
fallow in rabi and saturated soils in rainfed lowland areas.
3. Good scope of summer rice/crop exists
4. Vast potential for inter cropping of early maturing crops in
sugarcane, banana etc.
5. Introduction of paired row planting and drip irrigation would
provide scope for increasing more areas under pulses and
oilseeds
6. Utilize unlimited scope to conserve and use rain water.
Watershed
development
would
help
provide
irrigation for rainfed crops and recharge the wells.
protective
Strategies: Technical
•
Exploit the potential of modern HYV’s of crops (Rice only 40% potential)
•
Exploit hybrid crop technology to further boost in yield potential
•
Diagnosis and correction of factors constraining yield increase
•
Insulation of all future varieties with desired level of resistance to
biotic and abiotic stress as priority research option.
•
Maximization of productivity of rainfed crops-strategic research on
rainfed agriculture will be priority areas
•
Detailed resource characterization to optmise land use for rainfed
crops and other alternate land use system
•
Understanding crop weather soil relationships for better agromet
advisory services
•
Rain water conservation and integrated nutrient management.
•
Watershed development.
•
Plantation of horticultural crops more paying than annual. Adopt
and promote environmentally safe and cost effective IPM in
harmony with other segments of crop husbandry.
Strategies - Public Policy
1. Establish high quality agricultural research institutions e.g.
Rice
research
Institute,
Hybrid
crop
Development
and
Research center, Crop Bio-Nano Technology center ,Water
Technology Center etc. and create promising post academic
opportunities to attract talented students and assure them a
bright future.
2. Promote contract farming to provide necessary accessibility
and scalability to small and marginal farmers.
3. Importance to mechanization to bring down our production
cost and enhance labour productivity.
4. Area specific approach to tap the potential of low yield
regions
5. Development and use of short duration hybrids/composites/
varieties in low rainfall areas
Continued…
Strategies - Public Policy
6. Emphasis on INM system production rather target crop.
7. Intergraded nutrient management system productivity
should by emphasized rather target crop.
8. Strengthen rural industries and small enterprises so that
there is enough opportunity for people to shift from primary
to secondary sector of the economy.
9. More investment to develop high yielding and drought
resistant varieties and make them seed easily available and
affordable to farmers.
10. Completion of ongoing irrigation projects and repair the
existing ones. Maintenance of canal is important for poor
capacity utilisation and rising incidence of water logging and
salinity and low water use efficiency.
Continued…
Strategies - Public Policy
11.Promotion of organic farming in rainfed agriculture.
12.Improved agricultural credit insurance risk porn areas and
crops.
13.Improved market facilities.
14.More investment in land leveling, irrigation, land reforms
and infrastructure such as roads, markets and rural
densification
15.Sound agricultural polices for access to inputs at fair
prices and predictable and assured prices for farm produce
are harbingers of higher crop yields.
16.Investments in agricultural extension, training and
research facilities in agricultural university must get
priority.
Technologies for Chhattisgarh Plains
Promote only the latest HYV of Crops
CROP
TRAIT/ SITUUATION
VARIETIES
HYBRIDS
Rice
Drought
Indira Barani Dhan-1
PSD-1
/Aerobic
Indira Barani Dhan-2
PSD-3
Sahbhagi Dhan
DRRH-2
Samleshwari
Danteshwari , ARB-6
R-1033,
1835-38(IET-21205)
Shallow low
land
Irrigated
Sampada
Indira Sona
Karma Mahsuri
Ajaya, Rajlakshmi
Durgeshwari
Arize 6444, JKRH 401
Maheshwari
KRH-2, PHB-71
Karma Mahsuri
Maize
Irrigated
Jawahar- 216 (Composite)
HQPM-1, HQPM-5, HQPM-7
M-900, Hishell, PRO- 4640, 30R77, Seed
tech 2324
Sunflower
Irrigated
DRSS 108 (Composite)
Jwalamukhi KBSH-1
KBSH-44, DRSH-1
Pigeonpea
Rainfed/ Irrigated
Rajiv Lochan
ICPH-2740
Quality/ Export
Indira Sugandhit 1
PRH-10
Chandrahasini
DRRH-3
Other Crop High Yielding Varieties including
Horticultural Crops
Crop
Varieties
A. WHEAT : Arpa, Ratan
B. PULSES
Lathyrus Mahateora, Prateek
Chickpea Vaibhav, Pairy Mung
Mung
Cowpea
Pairy Mung
Khaleshwari
Pigeonpea Rajiv Lochan
Field pea
Subhra
C. OIL SEEDS
Linseed Deepika, Kartika, RLC 92
Soyabean Indira soya 9
Mustred Chhattisgarh sarson
Horticultural Crops
Spine Gourd
Indira Kakoda 1
Sweet Potato
Indira Nandini
IVY guard
Indira Kundru 35
Colocasia
Indira arvi 1
Mango
Chhatigarh nandiraj
Litchi
Ambika Litchi
Mushroom
Indira Sweta
Technology to replace traditional broadcasting
method of rice sowing ( Biasi )
Technology involves,
•
Line sown direct seeded in dry seed bed with ferti-seed drill
•
Weed control by post emergence herbicide at 18 DAE
(herbicide, finoxyprop + ethoxi sulfuron)
•
Establish crop at optimum time before mansoon/ after first
rain.
•
Raise Chickpea after rice in residual moisture
Benefits :
•
•
•
•
•
•
Less water in crop establishment
Less labor for weed control
Comparatively higher yield than traditional system
Earlier maturity than conventional technology.
Feasibility of second crop
Net profit ( Rs. 24,776 per ha., 26 % increase over
traditional method).
Comparative performance of dry seeded rice
technology and traditional methods of rice
Particulars
Rice area of all the farmers (ha)
Average yield (q/ha)
Labour requirement (man-days/
ha)
Sowing time
Harvesting time
Early maturity of dry
seeded rice.
Better scope for double
cropping
Weeding
Total
Dry seeding
(improved)
40.4
5.11
25
134
28-Jun
10-Nov
Broadcast biasi
(treditional)
129.0
3.98
67
173
06-Jul
30-Nov
Delayed maturity of
broadcast biasi rice
May suffer from
terminal drought
Water Conservation Technology – SRI

10 day old seedlings (2 per hill) at 25 x25cm spacing

Fertilizer application - 50% Organic + 50% Inorganic

No standing water

Suitability: Hybrid Rice and with heavy soil

Limitations: Technical and Bio-Physical problems of
the SRI
• Water Management problems
• Weed management – manually/cono weeder

Yield 7.5 t/ha with 25-30% water saving and
Rs.40,000/- Net return's ratio 1:2 to 2.09
Rainwater Harvesting Through Farm Pond and its
recycling
Components:
 Creation of farm pond using about 10-15% area of farm, such that
enough catchment is available to generate runoff from major runoff
events to fill the pond. The excavated soil is used to build
embankments.
 Growing rice in lower portion of the field, during rainy
season
with
support of runoff collected in the pond.
 Growing high value legumes, pulse or vegetable crops in the upper
catchment area.
 Growing suitable post-rainy season crops using water saved in the
pond

Fish and duck rearing in the pond as optional activity
 Net return Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 70,000 per ha.
Use of pond and farm bunds for production of
grasses, pigeonpea etc.
•
•
•
•
Economically viable technology
Enhanced employment and profitability
Enhanced cropping intensity
Improved ground water recharge
Rice based Cropping System in Chhattisgarh (Inceptisol)
Treatment
Rice Yield
( 2008)
(q/ha)
System
Net return
(Rs/ha)
B:C
ratio
Relative
Economic
Efficienc
y
Relative
yield
stability
Rice- Wheat- Fallow
45.14
37244
2.15 IV
-
-
Rice- Mustard –Green
Manure
49.22
32488
2.04
-
-
Rice-Coriander (Leaf)Greengram
47.71
68930
2.56 III
-
-
Rice –Table Pea -Maize (F)
45.09
23214
1.39
-
-
Rice –Bringal-Green
Manure
47.70
88173
2.99 I
137 %
0.50
Rice –Onion-Green Manure
47.15
74119
2.68 II
99 %
0.84
Rice –Potato-Cowpea
46.71
84727
2.00
127 %
0.70
Management practices and rabi crops in Rice
based Cropping System in mid lands
Grain yield, q/ha
Management practices
& rabi crops
Net profit, Rs/ha
Rice
Gram
Safflower
Rice
Gram
Safflower
Total
a)Targeted yield
practice in rice
followed by gram
41.07
6.97
-
13394
2813
-
16207
Targeted yield practice
in rice followed by
safflower
41.07
-
7.18
13394
-
3500
16894
b)Farmers practices in
rice followed by gram
26.88
6.16
-
7781
1626
-
9407
Farmers practices in
rice followed by
safflower
26.88
-
6.16
7781
-
2274
10053
Management practices and rabi crops in Rice based
Cropping System in lowland situation
Management practices &
rabi crops
Grain yield, q/ha
Net profit, Rs/ha
Rice
Gram
Safflower
Lentil
Rice
Gram
Safflower
Lentil
Total
Targeted yield practice in
rice followed by gram
52.46
6.43
-
-
19349
2037
-
-
21386
Targeted yield practice in
rice followed by safflower
52.46
-
7.29
-
19349
-
3624
-
22973
Targeted yield practice in
rice followed by lentil
52.46
-
-
3.76
19349
-
-
-585
18764
Farmers practices in rice
followed by gram
35.11
5.43
-
-
12310
567
-
-
12877
Farmers practices in rice
followed by safflower
35.11
-
5.56
-
12310
-
1554
-
13864
Farmers practices in rice
followed by lentil
35.11
-
-
3.15
12310
-
-
-1350
10960
Effect of fertilizer treatments on rice yield (kg/ha)
in long term fertility trials
8000
7000
6000
Yield (kg/ha)
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
years
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
T1 - Control
T2 - 50%NPK
T3 - 100%NPK
T4 - 150%NPK
T5 - 100%NPK+Zn
T6 - 100%NP
T7 - 100%N
T8 - 100%NPK+FYM
T9 - 50%NPK+BGA
T10 - 50%NPK+GM
Continuous
application of N
delayed flowering
Promote Mechanization at Farm
SN
Implement
Features
1.
Improved biasi plough
•
•
•
No plant mortality
More working efficiency ( 2
to 3 times more than old
plough)
Low cost (Rs. 800)
2.
Ambika paddy breeder
•
Useful for SRI cultivation
3.
Indira Seed Drill
•
Most popular for paddy line
sowing
4.
Tillage cart
•
Easy in use
5.
Manual Paddy transplanter
(CRRI, Cuttack)
•
Time and labour saving
6.
Pre germinated paddy
seeder (CRRI, Cuttack)
•
Popular for direct seeding.
7.
Raised bed planter – Wheat •
sowing
Useful for wheat sowing
Technologies for Bastar :
Line seeding of upland crops- Maize, Niger, Horse gram
IMPACT- 100-300%
increase in average
productivity of crops
Bullock drawn
seed drills
Modified country
plough
Horse gram
Niger
Ragi
Groundnut
Integrated farming System Model for Livelihood
improvement in Bastar – A NREGP Success Story
Vegetable cultivation in Lowland
Utilizing rain water harvested by paddle operated
low lift pump
1.Use of pond size of 30 * 30*2.1 m
2.Provided paddle operated low lift pump costing
Rs 300 with subsidies.
3.It can lift 3000-4000 liters/hr from depth of 1012 ft.
4. Woman or even a child of above 14 yrs of age
can operate for more than 2 ½ hrs/day without
exertion.
5.Vegetable cultivation of Cauliflower and Cabbage
was introduced after rice
Outcome
1. Farmer could cultivate 1.5 ac land in Rabi season after rice.
2. Growing of vegetables in rabi season gave net returns of Rs 65690
3. Employment opportunity for entire family after harvest of rice.
4. Construction of farm pond casted Rs 55000.00
Integrated Farming System model for rainfed
uplands in Bastar - The NREGP helped in
converting wasteland into rainfed farm house
From Rs 1000-2000/
ha from single crop
To
10000-12000/ ha from
multiple crops
Dry land Cashew Orchards: An option for Income generation
and Development of fallow lands in Bastar - A Success Story
• Use of large amount of existingdegraded / fallow uplands
• Climate is suitable for Cashew cultivation.
• Establishment an orchard in 56 ha are in Village Turenar in 2004-05
• The number of beneficiary farmer are - 40
• Grafted plants of Cashew variety- V4 were used
• Adoption of suitable Soil and water conservation measures
ensured 95% survival
•
In 2008-09, yield of 1.5 q/ha worth Rs 4000 /ha ( Rs 2.24 lac) is
obtained from wasteland( Rs 20000-25000 is expected from 8th year
onwards)
• The land is developed and covered with grasses.
• It is proposed to establish small Cashew processing unit this year
to further increase profitability.
Before 2004-05
After 2008
NORTHERN HILLS CROPPING SYSTEM
1: PIGEONPEA + RICE AND MAIZE INTERCROPPING:
• arhar + maize alternate planting 45cm (1:1 ratio) and paired row
planting of Arhar 45/90cm + maize (one row) gave the highest yield
and net return than other treatments.
2: YIELD AND COMPLEMENTARITY OF MAIZE, PIGEONPEA-SOYBEAN
ASSOCIATION:
• Pigeonpea and maize may be grown with soybean in either 2:3 or 3:3
row ratio and one additional row of soybean in between pigeopea and
maize rows further increased the yield and profit than sole cropping of
either soybean, maize or pigeonpea.
3: ECONOMY OF NITROGEN IN WHEAT- LEGUME BASED CROPPING SYSTEM:
• soybean-wheat and maize + soybean-wheat were found to be most
producing 60q/ha .
4: DIVERSIFICATION OF RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEM.
• Rice-potato+wheat followed by rice-potato. Other rotations were riceonion, rice-onion+sunflower. Thus inclusion of potato and onion may
boost the profitability.
Agro Technology for Northern Hills
A. AGRO-TECHNIQUES FOR LATE SOWN WHEAT:
• Higher seed rate 150 kg/ha
• Over night seed soaking and covering the farrow with FYM.
B. EFFECT OF INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT FOR UPLAND RICE:
• The average productivity of upland rice is only 0.2-0.3t/ha
• HYVs Vandana, Kalinga III, CR-289-1208, culture 8,RR 348-5, Anjali, DDR 13,
VR 379-5, Brown Gora and NDR 1018-1-1 yield more than 2.5 t/ha under
good management conditions at Ambikapur.
• Sow upland rainfed rice just after the onset of monsoon (20-30 June) in
rows spaced 20cm @80kg seeds/ha. Row spaced crop has the advantage of
adopting weed management and interculture practices.
• Use optimum fertilizer dose of 60 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 20 kg K2O/ha for
extremely upland, poor soil and 40 kg N, 30 kg P2O5 and 20 kg K2O/ha.
• One hand weeding (20-25 DAS) was at par with the herbicide i.e. Butachlor
@ 1.5kg a.i. or Benthiocarb @1.5 kg a.i. Oxadiazon @0.75 kg a.i./ha (2-3
DAS).
AGROFORESTRY RESEARCH MODEL FOR UPLAND
Develop suitable agro forestry model
for upland involving testing and
evaluation of different fast growing
multipurpose tree species
•
•
Gmelina arborea(khamahar a
costly timber tree)
Albizia
procera (Sirus), and Delbergia
sissoo, planted at at 4x3m and
4x4m along with modern
tree spp. Poplar deltoids
with a planting pattern of
3x3m and 2x2m.
Crops for intercropping soybean,
urd and moong in kharif and
wheat, pea and linseed in rabi
season in between the rows of
tree species.
•
Findings
• Tree Species
1.
2.
Height - Maximum in poplar followed
by sirus, khamhar and sisoo.
Diameter - Maximum in khamhar followed
by sirus , sisoo and poplar.
•
The intercropping of soybean in kharif and
wheat in Rabi was remunerative till four years
age of tree components,
•
Performance of turmeric and ginger were
remunerative, even under the shade (8-12
higher than conventional sole cropping).
•
The yield of Colocassia and elephant foot yam
decreased by 15 to 40% and 10 to 20%
respectively.
•
In fifth year onward, the highest green fodder
and fuel wood of 18.6kg/tree and 19 kg/tree
was obtained with khamhar followed by sirus
(green fodder 9.1kg fuel wood 12.35kg.
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,
Raipur , Chhattisgarh INDIA