Transcript Sociology Final Review

The Sociological Perspective
 What is the sociological perspective?
The concept that describes opening a window into
unfamiliar worlds that allows us to understand
human behavior by placing it within its broader
social context
 What is social location?
sociologists’ group people into categories based on their
age, gender, educational level, job, and income
 Biology is an example of a _________________ science.
natural
The Sociological Perspective
 What is the first goal of each scientific discipline?
-explain why something happens
 What event caused Auguste Comte to explore patterns
in society?
 the French Revolution
Culture
 What is culture?
 Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material
objects, and technology that are passed from one
generation to the next
 What is material culture?
 Jewelry, art, hairstyles, and clothing
 What is culture shock?
 an experience a person may have when one moves to
a cultural environment which is different from one's
own
Culture
 What is language?
 Symbols can be strung together in an infinite number
of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract
thought
 What are norms?
 expectations or rules of behavior that develop from
values
Socialization
 What is the social environment?
 In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding
socialization, the "nurture" component
 Describe feral children.
 children who are assumed to have been raised by
animals in the wilderness and isolated from other
children
 What is socialization?
 The concept that sociologists refer to when they say that
"society makes us human“
Socialization
 What are significant others?
 a person who is important to one's wellbeing; especially : a spouse or one in a similar
relationship
 What is a social mirror?
 people are not capable of self-reflection without taking
into consideration a peer's interpretation of the
experience
Social Structure and Interaction
 What is macrosociology?
 A focus on the broad features of society to analyze such
things as social class and how groups relate to one
another
 What is microsociology?
 one of the main points (or focuses) of sociology,
concerning the nature of everyday human social
interactions and agency on a small scale
 Which is more important for sociologists?
 both macro and microsociology, depending upon the
situation
Social Structure and Interaction
 What is a social structure?
 the system of socioeconomic stratification (e.g., the
class structure), socialinstitutions, or, other patterned
relations between large socialgroups
 How does your location in your social structure affect
how you handle life situations?
 People in different social structures handle situations
differently
Research
 What is a rapport?
 The feeling of trust that researchers establish with their
respondents
 What is a case study?
 When a researcher focuses on a single event, situation,
or individual
 What is a control group?
 a group of subjects closely resembling the
treatment group in many demographic variables but
not receiving the active medication or factor under study
Research
 What are independent and dependent variables?
 IV:
a variable that is intentionally changed toobserve its effe
ct on the dependent variable
 DV:
the event studied and expected to
change when the independent variable is changed
 What is a spurious relationship?
not genuine, authentic, or true; not from the claimed, pret
ended, or proper source; counterfeit
Societies to Social Networks
 What is a group?
 any collection or assemblage of persons
 What is a society?
 people who share a culture and a territory
 What are two characteristics that a people must share
to qualify as a society?
 the same culture and the same territory
Societies to Social Networks
 Which society is egalitarian, nomadic, and only
consists of 25-40 people?
 the hunting and gathering society
 Which group was the first to develop permanent
settlements?
 Horticulture Society
Bureaucracy and Formal
Organizations
 What is rationality?
 An approach to life in which there is an emphasis on
rules, efficiency, and practical results
 What are characteristics of an industrialized society?
 refers to a society driven by the use of technology to
enable mass production, supporting a large population
with a high capacity for division of labour.
 Which two societies evaluate people based on a
“bottom line” ? (their economic value)
 the industrial and postindustrial societies
Bureaucracy and Formal
Organizations
 What is the major emphasis of the traditional
orientation to life?
 The past is the best guide for what should be done
in the present.
 Which theorist argued that capitalism was responsible
for the decline of traditional orientations to social life?
 Karl Marx
Deviance and Social Control
 What are crimes?
 Violations of norms and rules that are written into law
 How is deviance relative?
 It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to
the act that makes it deviant
 What is symbolic interactionism?
 people act toward things based on the meaning those
things have for them, and these meanings are derived
from social interaction and modified through
interpretation
Deviance and Social Control
 What is a social order?
 A group’s usual and customary social arrangements, on
which its members depend and on which they base their
lives
 What backgrounds are shared by juvenile delinquents?
 They are from families that have a history of being
involved in crime
Global Stratification
 What is gender?
 the most common basis for social stratification
 What is social stratification?
 The division of large numbers of people into layers
according to their relative power, property, and prestige
 In which type of society is slavery most likely to exist?
 Agricultural Society
Global Stratification
 What is an ideology?
 A system of beliefs that justifies a particular social
arrangement
 What is the basis of India’s caste system?
 Religion
Social Class in the United States
 What are the three factors that Max Weber identified
as defining social class?
 wealth, power, prestige
 What is wealth?
 the property owned and the income acquired minus
debts made by the person
 Who are the power elite?
 those who make the big decisions in American society
Social Class in the United States
 Most United States presidents share which
background characteristics?
 millionaire white men from families with old
money
 Which three occupations enjoy the highest prestige?
 college president, Supreme Court judge, astronaut
Sex and Gender
 Why is gender important?
 It is a master status cutting across all aspects of life
 What is gender stratification?
 the unequal access to power, prestige, and property
based on a person's sex
 How are the concepts of gender and sex different?
 of gender refers to sociological characteristics, the
concept of sex refers to biological characteristics
Sex and Gender
 Why do men and women perform different types of
work?
 It is a product of socialization and social control
 In which society were men and women relatively
equal?
 Hunting and gathering
Race and Ethnicity
 What is race?
 a group of people with inherited physical characteristics
that distinguish it from another group
 What is ethnicity?
 A term used to describe a shared cultural heritage
 What is a dominant group?
 The group has the greatest power, privileges, and social
status
Race and Ethnicity
 What is ethnic work?
 The way people construct their ethnicity
 What is positive prejudice?
 an attitude that exaggerates the virtues of a group
The Elderly
 What does it mean when sociologists say that age is
“socially constructed”?
 Age is based on cultural attitudes that are rooted in
a society
 What is the median age of the US Population?
 35
 Which country has the longest life expectancy?
 Japan
The Elderly
 What is a life span?
 the maximum length of life that is possible for a species
 What is ageism?
 Prejudice, discrimination, and hostility directed against
people because of their age
The Economy
 Before societies could create permanent or semi-
permanent places to live what conditions had to exist?
 a surplus of food that could be distributed and
exchanged
 If a plow is part of agricultural society what society would a
steam engine be a part of?
 Industrial society
 What medium of exchange does this represent? Blossom
exchanges pastries for clothing at the marketplace, and
David brings chickens to trade for Blossom’s pastries.
 Barter
The Economy
 What is the term for the means by which people value
and exchange goods and services?
 Medium of exchange
 If Jack was given $10,000 in e-cash where can he access
that money?
 Computer
Politics
 Government power over large groups is called?
 Macropolitics
 The intention of overthrowing a government by armed
resistance is a?
 A revolution
 What is common about Joan of Arc, Hitler, and Jesus
Christ?
 They were charismatic leaders
Politics
 What type of government is represented in the United
States by electing our candidates for the state capitals
and in Washington D.C.?
 Representative Democracy
 The basis of universal citizenship is?
 By birth or naturalization, everyone in the country
has the same basic rights.
Marriage and Family
 Family that lives apart from other kin immediately
related to the husband, wife, and children are
considered what type of family?
 Nuclear family
 Husband and wife duties with the greatest gap in
regards to the hours of their household responsibilities
is?
 Paid work
 If both parents work outside the home, who is most
likely to care for preschoolers?
 Organized child care facilities
Marriage and Family
 A blended family includes what?
 A husband or wife brings a child into the new family
from a prior relationship.
 An old-fashioned way of describing this term includes
shacking up or living in sin…
 Cohabitation
Education
 The funding for common school is _____ _______and
was proposed by Horace Mann.
 Public taxation
 Hidden curriculum serves what purposed according to
conflict theorists?
 Promotes social inequalities
 Characteristic of schools to promote patriotism
corresponds with what characteristic of society?
 Maintain armed forces
Education
 The likelihood a student will attend college is
significantly predicted on what?
 Family background
 A growing problem in education of making simple
questions or “dummying down” grading scales is
called?
 Mediocrity
Religion
 Your nephew is having a bar mitzvah next week, this
an example of religious _____?
 Ritual
 Feeling of coming in contact with God, or a sudden
awareness of the supernatural is?
 Religious experience
 This is the largest religion with around 2 billion
members?
 Christianity
Religion
 Buddhism has a central symbol, what is it?
 The eight-spoked wheel
 According to sociologist, how is a cult defined?
 A new or different religion at odds with dominant
culture and religion
Medicine and Health
 Dealing with illness and injury by societies standard uses
what?
 medicine
 What variable constitutes health and illness amongst
societies?
 The culture of society
 What role do you play in the following scenario? You wake
up sick with the flu. Sociology has a major exam in class
that day, but when you email Mrs. Cantu she excuses you to
postpone your test. You go to the doctor, and he gives you
medicine to take while you rest for a couple of days.
 The sick role
Medicine and Health
 In the United States this group controls the education
and licensing of physicians…
 American Medical Association
 An unlikely outcome of the Affordable Care Act would
be?
 Inequality in medical care will be eliminated
Population and Urbanization
 What is demography?
 the study of the size, composition, growth, and
distribution of human populations
 What product did Spanish conquistadors find in the
New World and take back to Europe that greatly
affected the growth of European populations?
 The potato
 What is the Malthus Theorem?
 the idea that population grows geometrically and
the food supply only increases arithmetically
Population and Urbanization
 From the beginning of time, how long did it take for
the world’s population to reach its first billion people?
 1800 AD
 Since 1975, approximately how many years does it take
for the world population to increase by 1 billion
people?
 12 years