Transcript chapter 3 notes

MATTER
Ch. 3 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases
3.1 States of Matter (pg 68-74)
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
 Five States of Matter
A. Kinetic Molecular Theory
 KMT
 Tiny, constantly moving particles
make up all matter.
 The kinetic energy (motion) of these
particles increases as temperature
increases.
B. 5 States of Matter
 Solids
 low KE - particles vibrate but
can’t move around
 definite shape & volume
 crystalline - repeating
geometric pattern
 amorphous - no pattern (e.g.
glass, wax)
B. 5 States of Matter
 Liquids
 higher KE - particles can
move around but are still
close together
 indefinite shape
 definite volume
B. 5 States of Matter
 Gases
 high KE - particles can
separate and move
throughout container
 indefinite shape & volume
 Ex.- Air freshener
B. 5 States of Matter
 Plasma
 very high KE - particles collide with
enough energy to break into
charged particles (+/-)
 gas-like, indefinite
shape & volume
 stars, fluorescent
light bulbs, TV tubes
B. 5 States of Matter
 Bose-Einstein Condensate
 "Condensates" are extremely lowtemperature(near absolute zero) fluids
which contain properties and exhibit
behaviors that are currently not
completely understood, such as
spontaneously flowing out of their
containers.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Z6UJbwxBZI
MATTER
Ch. 3 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases
II. Gas Laws (75-81)
 Pressure
 Charles’ Law
 Boyle’s Law
 Combined Gas Law
A. Pressure
force
pressure 
area
Which shoes create the most pressure?
A. Pressure
 Key Units at Sea Level
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm
760 mm Hg
14.7 psi
N
kPa  2
m
Contained Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
A. Pressure
Barometer
Manometer
A. Pressure
 Factors that affect gas pressure
 Temperature – increasing the temp,
increases the pressure if vol. and # of
particles are constant.
 Volume – increasing the volume,
decreases the pressure if temp. and # of
particles are constant.
 Number of particles – increasing the # of
particles increases the pressure if temp.
and vol. are constant
A. Pressure
 Effect on Boiling Point
 When atmospheric pressure
increases, the boiling point of a liquid
increases.
 EX: high altitude cooking, boiling cold
water
B. Charles’ Law
 When the temperature of a gas increases,
its volume also increases (at constant
pressure).
DIRECT
V
T
B. Charles’ Law
V1
T1
=
V2
T2
C. Boyle’s Law
 When the volume of a gas decreases, its
pressure increases (at constant temp).
INVERSE
P
V
C. Boyle’s Law
P1V1 = P2V2
D. Combined Gas Law
P
V
PV
PV = k
T
P 1V 1 P 2V 2
=
T1
T2
P 1 V 1T 2 = P 2V 2 T 1
E. Gas Law Problems
 A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C.
Find its volume at 94°C.
CHARLES’ LAW
GIVEN: T V
V1 = 473 cm3
T1 = 36°C = 309K
V2 = ?
T2 = 94°C = 367K
WORK:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
(473 cm3)(367 K)=V2(309 K)
V2 = 562 cm3
E. Gas Law Problems
 A gas occupies 100. mL at 150.
kPa. Find its volume at 200. kPa.
BOYLE’S LAW
GIVEN:
P V
V1 = 100. mL
P1 = 150. kPa
V2 = ?
P2 = 200. kPa
WORK:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
(150.kPa)(100.mL)=(200.kPa)V2
V2 = 75.0 mL
E. Gas Law Problems
 A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa
& 25°C. Find its volume at STP.
COMBINED GAS LAW
GIVEN: P T V WORK:
V1 = 7.84 cm3
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
P1 = 71.8 kPa
(71.8 kPa)(7.84 cm3)(273 K)
T1 = 25°C = 298 K
=(101.325 kPa) V2 (298 K)
V2 = ?
P2 = 101.325 kPa V2 = 5.09 cm3
T2 = 273 K
E. Absolute Zero
 Absolute Zero - Temp at which...
 the volume of a gas would equal zero.
 all particle motion would stop.
-273°C
or
0K
MATTER
Ch. 3 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases
III. Changes in State (p.82-93)
 Phase Changes
 Heating Curves
A. Phase Changes
 Melting
 solid to liquid
 Freezing
 liquid to solid
melting point = freezing point
A. Phase Changes
 Vaporization (boiling)
 liquid to gas at the boiling point
 Evaporation
 liquid to gas below the boiling point
 Condensation
 gas to liquid
A. Phase Changes
 Sublimation
 solid to gas
 EX: dry ice,
freeze drying,
iodine
 Deposition
 Gas to solid
 Ex. frost
A. Phase Changes
Sublimation
Deposition
B. Heating Curves
 Heat of Fusion
 energy required to change from solid
to liquid
 some attractive forces are broken
B. Heating Curves
 Heat of Vaporization
 energy required to change from liquid
to gas
 all attractive forces are broken
 EX: steam burns, sweating
B. Heating Curves
Gas
Boiling – Heat
Liquid
of Vaporization
Melting – Heat of Fusion
Solid