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MATTER
Ch. 3 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases
3.1 States of Matter (pg 68-74)
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Five States of Matter
A. Kinetic Molecular Theory
KMT
Tiny, constantly moving particles
make up all matter.
The kinetic energy (motion) of these
particles increases as temperature
increases.
B. 5 States of Matter
Solids
low KE - particles vibrate but
can’t move around
definite shape & volume
crystalline - repeating
geometric pattern
amorphous - no pattern (e.g.
glass, wax)
B. 5 States of Matter
Liquids
higher KE - particles can
move around but are still
close together
indefinite shape
definite volume
B. 5 States of Matter
Gases
high KE - particles can
separate and move
throughout container
indefinite shape & volume
Ex.- Air freshener
B. 5 States of Matter
Plasma
very high KE - particles collide with
enough energy to break into
charged particles (+/-)
gas-like, indefinite
shape & volume
stars, fluorescent
light bulbs, TV tubes
B. 5 States of Matter
Bose-Einstein Condensate
"Condensates" are extremely lowtemperature(near absolute zero) fluids
which contain properties and exhibit
behaviors that are currently not
completely understood, such as
spontaneously flowing out of their
containers.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Z6UJbwxBZI
MATTER
Ch. 3 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases
II. Gas Laws (75-81)
Pressure
Charles’ Law
Boyle’s Law
Combined Gas Law
A. Pressure
force
pressure
area
Which shoes create the most pressure?
A. Pressure
Key Units at Sea Level
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm
760 mm Hg
14.7 psi
N
kPa 2
m
Contained Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
A. Pressure
Barometer
Manometer
A. Pressure
Factors that affect gas pressure
Temperature – increasing the temp,
increases the pressure if vol. and # of
particles are constant.
Volume – increasing the volume,
decreases the pressure if temp. and # of
particles are constant.
Number of particles – increasing the # of
particles increases the pressure if temp.
and vol. are constant
A. Pressure
Effect on Boiling Point
When atmospheric pressure
increases, the boiling point of a liquid
increases.
EX: high altitude cooking, boiling cold
water
B. Charles’ Law
When the temperature of a gas increases,
its volume also increases (at constant
pressure).
DIRECT
V
T
B. Charles’ Law
V1
T1
=
V2
T2
C. Boyle’s Law
When the volume of a gas decreases, its
pressure increases (at constant temp).
INVERSE
P
V
C. Boyle’s Law
P1V1 = P2V2
D. Combined Gas Law
P
V
PV
PV = k
T
P 1V 1 P 2V 2
=
T1
T2
P 1 V 1T 2 = P 2V 2 T 1
E. Gas Law Problems
A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C.
Find its volume at 94°C.
CHARLES’ LAW
GIVEN: T V
V1 = 473 cm3
T1 = 36°C = 309K
V2 = ?
T2 = 94°C = 367K
WORK:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
(473 cm3)(367 K)=V2(309 K)
V2 = 562 cm3
E. Gas Law Problems
A gas occupies 100. mL at 150.
kPa. Find its volume at 200. kPa.
BOYLE’S LAW
GIVEN:
P V
V1 = 100. mL
P1 = 150. kPa
V2 = ?
P2 = 200. kPa
WORK:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
(150.kPa)(100.mL)=(200.kPa)V2
V2 = 75.0 mL
E. Gas Law Problems
A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa
& 25°C. Find its volume at STP.
COMBINED GAS LAW
GIVEN: P T V WORK:
V1 = 7.84 cm3
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
P1 = 71.8 kPa
(71.8 kPa)(7.84 cm3)(273 K)
T1 = 25°C = 298 K
=(101.325 kPa) V2 (298 K)
V2 = ?
P2 = 101.325 kPa V2 = 5.09 cm3
T2 = 273 K
E. Absolute Zero
Absolute Zero - Temp at which...
the volume of a gas would equal zero.
all particle motion would stop.
-273°C
or
0K
MATTER
Ch. 3 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases
III. Changes in State (p.82-93)
Phase Changes
Heating Curves
A. Phase Changes
Melting
solid to liquid
Freezing
liquid to solid
melting point = freezing point
A. Phase Changes
Vaporization (boiling)
liquid to gas at the boiling point
Evaporation
liquid to gas below the boiling point
Condensation
gas to liquid
A. Phase Changes
Sublimation
solid to gas
EX: dry ice,
freeze drying,
iodine
Deposition
Gas to solid
Ex. frost
A. Phase Changes
Sublimation
Deposition
B. Heating Curves
Heat of Fusion
energy required to change from solid
to liquid
some attractive forces are broken
B. Heating Curves
Heat of Vaporization
energy required to change from liquid
to gas
all attractive forces are broken
EX: steam burns, sweating
B. Heating Curves
Gas
Boiling – Heat
Liquid
of Vaporization
Melting – Heat of Fusion
Solid