Transcript DASAR ILMU TANAH PERKEMBANGAN HORISON TANAH

PERKEMBANGAN
HORISON TANAH
PERKEMBANGAN HORISON TANAH
• A-Horizon development
– Accumulation of organic matter
– Clumping of individual soil particles
– Distinct from parent material and other layers
• B and C horizon development
– Carbonic and organic acids are carried by water into soil where
dissolve various minerals (transformations)
– Soluble materials (ions –Ca2+, CO32-, SO42-, etc) are carried by
water and precipitate in the soil from upper to lower horizons
(translocation)
– Weathering of primary minerals into secondary minerals
– Wetting and drying cracks soils and makes structures.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
PERKEMBANGAN HORISON TANAH
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Adsorption – Adsorpsi - Penjerapan:
Proses ini terjadi kalau gaya-gaya tarik antara permukaan padatan-tanah
(adsorbent) dan komponen larutan-tanah (adsorbat ) lebih besar dibandingkan
gaya-gaya tarik antara komponen terlarut dan larutan tanah (solvent), serta gaya
tolak antara permukaan tanah dan spesies yang dijerap.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Aggregation - Agregasi:
Partikel-partikel diikat (dipegang) bersama menjadi unit-unit yang ukurannya
beragam, bentuknya bebreda-beda, dengan bvantuan proses-proses fisika, kimiawi
dan biologis.
Suatu Agregat dipisahkan dari agregat lainnya melalui bidang permukaan yang
lemah.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Alkalization - Alkalisasi:
Akumulasi kation Na; pembentukan Horison natrik..
Audification - Pengasaman:
Akumulasi ion-ion H+.
Carbonation – Karbonasi (calcification):
Akumulasi kalsium karbonat; pembentukan Horison Kalsik atau
Horison Petrokalsik.
Chelation- Khelasi – Peng-khelat-an:
Pembentukan senyawa kompleks logam dengan agen organik.
Logal dijebak dalam struktur cincin, sehingga menjadi sangat
stabil.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2014
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Compaction – Kompaksi - Pemadatan:
Reduksi fisik kandungan uadar tanah yang mengakibatkan meningkatnya Bobot Isi.
Cryoturbation:
Pencampiran tanah akibat dari suhu rendah, mis. Untuk merusak horison, memasukkan
bahan organik ke dalam horison bawah, dan untuk menata batu-batu.
Dealkalization (solodization):
Pergerakan ion Na ke luar dari bagian tertentu profil tanah.
Decarbonation (decalcification):
Pergerakan kalsium karbonat ke luar dari bagian tertentu profil tanah.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Decomposition - Dekomposisi:
Penghancuran bahan mineral dan bahan organik secara biokimiawi.
Dehydration - Dehidrasi:
Kehilangan air yang mengakibatkan suatu senyawa kembali ke keadaan orisinalnya.
Deposition merupakan sedimentasi bahan yang terangkut:
1. Akumulasi partikel tanah / colluvium
2. Akumulasi unsur hara / Peningkatan KTK
3. Pengkayaan partikel berukuran medium.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Desalinization - Desalinisasi:
Pergerakan garam-garam larut ke luar dari bagian tertentu profil tanah.
Desilication - Desilikasi:
Pergerakan silika ke luar dari bagian tertentu profil tanah.
Diffusion (into and out of the soil):
Pertukaran udara antara atmosfir dan tanah karena pengaruh tekanan
partial gerakan massa.
Disaggregation - Disagregasi: Hancurnya agregat atanah.
Dispersion - Dispersi:
Proses hancurnya struktur tanah dalam air dan memisah menjadi
separat komponen-komponennya.
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Eluviation - Eluviasi:
Gerakan material ke luar dari lapisan profil tanah (secara harfiah
“pencucian material”); menghilangnya material yang tercuci ke
luar (misalnya sequioxides, mineral liat, bahan organik tanah)
Energy influx / outflux: Radiation absorption / reflection:
1. Temperatur Tanah
2. Microbiological activity -> humification , decomposition,
mineralization
3. Evaporasi
4. Air tanah
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Erosi adalah pengangkutan partikel tanah (dan bahan organik
tanah) oleh air atau angin.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pukulan tetes air hujan menghancurkan agregat tanah
Soil movement / removal of the A horizon
Smoothing or levelling of the soil surface
Loss of nutrients / decrease of CEC
Selective particle transport results in the relative
enrichment of coarse and fine particles and depletion of
medium-sized particles
6. Reduced infiltration / increase in surface runoff / reduced
soil moisture
7. Penyumbatan permukaan tanah.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Ferrugination:
Development of brown, reddish brown, and reddish soil colors.
Flocculation:
It is a process where the individual particles of clay are coagulated to form
floccular aggregates.
Gleization:
It involves the reduction of iron and its segregation into redoximorphic features,
or its removal by leaching form the gleyed horizon; process occuring in poorly
drained soil.
Humification - Humifikasi:
Pembentukan HUMUS dari bahan organik segar.
Hydration:
Absorption of water to form a new compound which differs only slightly from
the original state
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
Humification
1.
Describes the addition of organic matter to,
and its chemical decomposition into humus
and organic acids
2.
HUMUS is the dark material that makes
soils black or brown
3.
Breakdown of the humus and organic acids
also produces high CO2 concentrations in the
soil, leading to carbonic acid and another
form of chemical weathering.
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Hydrolysis: The replacement of cations in a mineral structure
.by hydrogen ions from the soil solution.
Illuviation: Movement of material into a section of the soil
profile (literally washing into or towards); accumulation of
material washed into (e.g. sequioxides, clay minerals, organic
material)
Induration: Hardening of a section of the profile produced in
association with iron pans and plinthite, and with other
cementing agents (Si or Ca).
Infiltration: The entry of water into the soil surface
Rainwater infiltrates in the soil with soluble and suspended
matter.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Interflow (Subsurface flow, through flow, seepage): Lateral subsurface
flow.
Lessivage: Physical downward movement of clay minerals.
Leucinization (decoloration): Lightening the color in a section of the
profile - formation of an albic horizon.
Melanization: Darkening the color of light-colored mineral initial
unconsolidated material by mixture and accumulation of organic
matter; formation of a mollic horizon due to incorporation of organic
matter.
Mineralization: Release of minerals in various forms during the
decomposition of organic matter.
Neutralization: Counteraction of the H+ ions.
Outflow: Loss of water from the pedosphere to the groundwater. Loss
of water and soluble and suspended matter from the system, i.e. loss
from the soil zone (unsaturated and saturated zone) into the
groundwater.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
Lessivage
1. Physical transport of clay-sized material downward from
surface horizon (Translocation)
2. Leads to reddish coloration and clay-rich subsurface
horizons
3. Seasonally wet climates
Modern California
Argentina, 225 Million Year old rocks
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Oxidation-Oksidasi:
Formation of an oxide or the release of electrons.
Pedoturbation: The churning and disruption of horizon
formation by biological, physical and to some extent chemical
activity, such as wetting and drying, swelling and contraction,
freezing and thawing, root pressures, animal burrowing, acitivty
of man.
Podzolization - PODSOLISASI:
Proses translokasi SESQUIOKSIDA dalam profil tanah. Bentuk besi
ferro larut berada pada zone eluviation, dan besi ferri tidak larut
pada zone illuviation. Podsolisasi adalah proses pembentukan
tanah yang menghasilkan tanah Podsol.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Precipitation: Separation and deposition of a
substance in a solid form from a solution.
Reduction: Loss of oxygen ions or acceptance of
electrons.
Salinization: Accumulation of soluble salts such
as chlorides and sulphates of Ca, Mg, Na, or K.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Silication: Accumulation of silica.
Solifluction: Slow flow of saturated soil on a permanent frozen soil
(permafrost table).
Solution: Dissolving of minerals into solution (e.g. calcium
carbonate into bicarbonate).
Surface crusting (soil sealing): A process which results in the
formation of soil crusts on the soil surface, ranging in thickness from
a few mm to perhaps as much as 3 cm, that is much mor compact,
hard and brittle, when dry, than the material immediately beneath.
Surface runoff (overland flow): Discharge of rainwater over the
surface of the land. Surface runoff is composed of unconcentrated
and concentrated flow.
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Suspension: The floating of dispersed particles in a
medium like water. It is one of the states of particle
transport of eroded sediments, especially for the
smaller and lighter particles such as clay.
Synthesis: The biochemical formation of a new
compound by combination of elements or
constituents.
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Upward movement – PERGERAKAN KE ATAS:
Movement of dissolved or suspended matter by
capillarity.
Weathering - PELAPUKAN:
All physical and chemical changes produced in rocks, at
or near the earth's surface, by atmospheric agents.