Transcript MPIKLP RESEARCH DESIGN DALAM MMR

RESEARCH DESIGN
MIXED METHODS
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
SEJARAH SINGKAT
- MMR
 1959: Concept of mixing different methods by Campbell & Fiske.
(Psychologists)
 1973: Combined the Qualitative & Quantitative data by S.D. Sieber.
 1979:
Converging
or
triangulating
different
Qualitative
&
Quantitative data sources by Jick.
 1989-2003: Expanded procedures for Mixed methods By Tashakkori
& Teddli and then Creswell.
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Mengapa memakai MMR?
• Quantitative data can reveal generalizable information for a large
group of people
– These data often fail to provide specific answers, reasons,
explanations or examples
• Qualitative research provides data about meaning and context
regarding the people and environments of study
– Findings are often not generalizable because of the small
numbers & narrow range of participants
• Both methods have strengths and weaknesses
– When used together, these methods can be complimentary
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Tipe-tipe desain penelitian
Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods
Quantitative
research
Methods
Qualitative
research
Methods
Mixed Methods
Research
Methods
• Experimental
• Narratives
• Sequential
designs
•Phenomenologies •Concurrent
•Non-
•Ethnographies
Experimental
•Grounded theory
designs, such as
•Case Studies
•Transformative
survey
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Kriteria Untuk Memilih Strategi
Four decisions go into selecting a mixed methods strategy
Implement
ation
Priority
No Sequence
Concurrent
Equal
Integration
At data collection
SequentialQualitative
first
Qualitative
At data analysis
At data
interpretation
SequentialQualitative
first
Quantitative
With some
combination
Theoretical
Perspective
Explicit
Implicit
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Kriteria Untuk Memilih Strategi
• What is implementation sequence of the quantitative and
qualitative data collection in the proposed study?
• What priority will be given to the quantitative and
qualitative data collection and analysis?
• At what stage in the research project will the quantitative
and qualitative data and finding be integrated?
• Will an overall theoretical perspective (e.g., gender, race/
ethnicity, lifestyle, class) be used in the study?
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Alternatif Strategi dan Model Visual
Sequential Explanatory Design
QUAN Data Collection
QUAN Data Analysis
Qual Data Collection
Qual Data Analysis
Interpretation of Entre analysis
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Alternatif Strategi dan Model Visual
Sequential Exploratory Design
QUAL Data Collection
QUAL Data Analysis
Quan Data Collection
Quan Data Analysis
Interpretation of Entre Analysis
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Alternative Strategies and Visual Models
Sequential Transformative Design
QUAL
quan
Vision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framework
QUAN
qual
Vision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framwork
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Alternative Strategies and Visual Models
Concurrent Triangulation Strategy
QUAN
QUAL Data Collection
Quan Data
Analysis
QUAL
QUAN Data Collection
Qual Data Analysid
Data Results
Compared
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Alternatif Strategi dan Model Visual
Concurrent Nested Strategy
Analysis of Findings
Analysis of Findings
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Alternatif Strategi dan Model Visual
Concurrent Transformative Strategy
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Prosedur Pengumpulan Data
• Identify and be specific about the type of data. Some forms
of data such as interviews and observations can be either
quantitative or qualitative. Although reduction information
to numbers is the approach used in quantitative research, it
is also used in qual. Research.
• Recognize that quantitative data often involve random
sampling, so that each individual has no equal probability of
being selected and the sample can be generalized to the
larger population. In qualitative data collection, purposeful
sampling is used to that individuals are selected because
they have experienced the central phenomenon.
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Prosedur Pengumpulan Data
• Relate the procedures specifically to the visual
model. For e.g, in a sequential explanatory model,
the general procedures can be detailed even
further. A discussion of this approach might
include describing the use of survey data
collection followed by both descriptive and
infertial data analysis in the first phase. Then
qualitative observations and coding and thematic
analysis within an ethnographic design might be
mentioned for the second phase.
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
It’s related to the type of research strategy chosen for
the procedures. Some of the more popular approaches:
Data transformation:
In the concurrent strategies involve creating codes and
themes qualitatively, then counting the number of
times they occur in the text data. This quantification of
qualitative data enables a researcher to compare
quantitative results with the qualitative data. For
instance, in a factor analysis of data from a scale on an
instrument, the researcher may create factors or
themes that then can be compared with themes from
the qualitative database.
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
 Explore outliers: In a sequential model, an analysis of quantitative
data in the first phase can yield extreme or outlier cases. Follow-up
qualitative interviews with these outlier cases can provide insight
about why they diverged from the quantitative sample.
 Instrument development: In a sequential approach, obtain themes
and specific statements from participants in an initial qualitative
data collection. In the next phase, use these statements as specific
items and the themes for scales to create a survey instrument that
is grounded in the views of the participants. A third, final phase
might be to
validate the instrument with large sample
representative of a population.
 Examine multiple levels: in a concurrent nested model, conduct a
survey at one level (e.g. with families) to gather quantitative results
about a sample. At the same time, collect qualitative interviews
(e.g., with individuals) to explore the phenomenon with specific
individuals in families.
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Validasi diperlukan, baik pada fase kualitatif
maupun fase kuantitatif.
Masing-masing metode mempunyai cara
khusus; untuk data kualitatif, strateginya
adalah menguji akurasi temuan-temuan
riset.
Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009
Mixed Methods Research:
State of the Art
(What Has Developed In Mixed Methods)
by John W. Creswell, Ph.D.
Department of Educational Psychology,
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Co-editor, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, and
Co-Director, Office of Qualitative and Mixed
Methods Research
Sifat MMR
• Deskripsikan pendekatan ini dalam proposalpenelitian
– Pelacakan sejarahnya
– Definisi yang jelas
• Mixed methods research is an approach to inquiry that combines
or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms. It involves
philosophical assumptions, the use of qualitative and quantitative
approaches, and the mixing of both approaches in a study. Thus, it
is more than simply collecting and analyzing both kinds of data; it
also involves the use of both approaches in tandem so that the
overall strength of a study is greater than either qualitative or
quantitative research (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007).
– Membahas tantangan yang dihadapi pendekatan ini.
Sumber: by John W. Creswell, Ph.D. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Perencanaan MMR
Timing
Weighting
Mixing
Theorizing
No Sequence
Concurrent
Equal
Integrating
Explicit
Sequential Qualitative
first
Qualitative
Connecting
Implicit
Sequential Quantitative
first
Quantitative
Embedding
Sumber: by John W. Creswell, Ph.D. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Perencanaan MMR
Timing
Weighting
Mixing
Theorizing
No Sequence
Concurrent
Equal
Integrating
Explicit
Sequential Qualitative
first
Qualitative
Connecting
Implicit
Sequential Quantitative
first
Quantitative
Embedding
Sumber: by John W. Creswell, Ph.D. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Disain Sequential dan Model Visual
• Disain Eksplanatori Sekuensial
QUAN
qual
• Disain Eksploratori
Sekuensial
QUAL
quan
QUAL
quan
• Dian Transformatis
Sekuensial
Social science theory, qualitative theory, advocacy worldview
QUAN
qual
Social science theory, qualitative theory, advocacy worldview
Sumber: by John W. Creswell, Ph.D. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Disain Konkuren dan Model Visual
• Disain Triangulasi Konkuren (bersamaan)
QUAN
+
QUAL
• Disain Embedded Konkuren
qual
quan
QUAN
QUAL
• Disain Transformatif Konkuren
QUAN + QUAL
Social science theory, qualitative
theory, advocacy worldview
quan
QUAL
Social science theory, qualitative
theory, advocacy worldview
Sumber: by John W. Creswell, Ph.D. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Pengumpulan Data
• Identifikasi tipe-tipe data quantitative dan
qualitatif
• Menyusun prosedur sampling yang dapat
mencakup aspek-aspek random-sampling dan
purposeful-sampling
• Membuat bagan / diagram alir yang detail
tentang penelitian
Sumber: by John W. Creswell, Ph.D. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Analisis Data dan Validasinya
• Match data analysis to the mixed methods strategy of
inquiry
• Prosedur-prosedur yang populer meliputi :
–
–
–
–
–
Transformasi Data
Explore outliers
Instrument development
Examine multiple levels
Membuat Matriks.
• Prosedur Validasi:
– Quantitative procedures (e.g., validity and reliability of scores)
– Qualitative procedures (e.g., check accuracy of findings)
– Mixed methods procedures (e.g., legitimation of the mixed methods
study)
Sumber: by John W. Creswell, Ph.D. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Struktur Laporan Hasil Penelitian
• Report structure follows from the mixed
methods strategy of inquiry
– Studi Sequential :
• Organize the report into sections ordered to match
the phases of the study
– Studi Konkuren :
• Organize the data collection into separate sections
• The analysis and interpretation may be combined
– Studi Transformatif:
• Use either a sequential or concurrent report structure
• Advance the advocacy issue at the beginning and an
agenda for change at the end
Sumber: by John W. Creswell, Ph.D. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln