Transcript Power Point Lecture Supplement

Enviromental Science 1401:
Supplementary Materials
This PowerPoint Slides contains mostly additional
materials which are not given in the Textbook.
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Endosymbiotic Theory
• Mereschkowski in 1905, Lynn Margulis in 1960’s:
"Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by
networking (i.e., by cooperation), and Darwin's notion of
evolution driven by natural selection is incomplete “
• mitochondria and chloroplasts are the result of years of
evolution initiated by the endocytosis of bacteria and bluegreen algae which, instead of becoming digested, became
symbiotic.
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php
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Producers: the first trophic level
• Autotrophs (“self-feeders”): organisms that capture solar
energy for photosynthesis to produce sugars
6CO2 + 6H2O + hν(Energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Cyanobacteria, Algae (Blue-Green)
- Green Plants
• Chemoautotrophs (Chemosynthetic bacteria): use the
geothermal energy in hot springs or deep-sea vents and
chemicals to produce their food
6CO2 + 6H2O + 3H2S → C6H12O6 + 3H2SO4
- Some Sulfur Bacteria
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Population Formula
• Pn=Po (1 + %R/100) n
Pn : population after nth year.
Po : population at current year
% R: Rate of % Annual Increase
• Td=70/%R
(Doubling Time for the Population)
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Plate tectonics shapes the Earth
- Continental Drift (Wegener)
• Plate tectonics: The motions of regions of Earth’s
Lithosphere which drift wrt one another.
Underlies earthquakes and volcanoes, and determines the
geography of the Earth’s surface.
• Crust: thin outer lightweight layer of Earth
Asthenosphere: boundary layer where slipping occurs
• Mantle: malleable layer on which the crust floats
• Core: molten heavy center of Earth
made mostly of iron
• Average Density of Earth:
~5.5g/cm3 = 5.5 kg/L = 5.5 Mg/m3 = 5.5 ton/m3
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Earth Topography
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Fossil Evidence for Plate Tectonics
http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/PamMack/lec124/originalnature.html
Fossils from Extinct Animals
and Plants of the Triassic Periods
(245~210 M yr BP)
History Written by Mother Nature
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/historical.html
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The Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Oceanic Divergent Plates
Divergence of
South American Plate
and African Plate
http://www.serg.unicam.it/Boundaries.html
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http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/
tectonics_landforms/magnetic_stripe_formation.htm
Transform Plate Boundaries: Strike-slip fault
Pacific Plate and N American Plate
1906 San Francisco earthquake
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq3/along2.html
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San Andreas Fault
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/San_Andreas.html
Convergent continental plates: Himalayan Mountains
Eurasian Plate &
Indian-Australian Plate
http://www.travel-himalayas.com/himalayas-pictures/gifs/spiti-ladakh-b.jpg
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http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/himalaya.html
Convergent plates
with subduction
Nazca Plate Under
S American Plate
Andes
Mountains
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http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/Nazca.html
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Traditional agriculture
• Traditional agriculture = biologically powered agriculture,
using human and animal muscle power
- Subsistence agriculture = families produce only enough
food for themselves
- Intensive agriculture = produces excess food to sell
Uses animals, irrigation and fertilizer, but not fossil fuels
Tool Materials:
Paleolithic Age
Neolithic Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
- Middle Age
Modern Age
(Plastics)
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Start 10/16/008
Soil formation is slow and complex
• Parent material = the base geologic material of soil
- volcanic ash, rock, dunes
- Bedrock: the continuous mass of solid rock
comprising the Earth’s crust
• Weathering: the physical, chemical, or biological
processes that break down rocks to form soil
- Physical (mechanical) : wind and rain, no chemical
changes in the parent material
- Chemical: substances chemically react with parent
material (H2O, O2, CO2, H2CO3, etc.)
- Biological : Physical disruption by plant roots,
Bacterial action to help breakdown of parent material
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Rocks Weather to produces soil
Broken down mostly
by Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
to
Sand: Quartz (SiO2)
→
Granite: Quartz (SiO2) – Inert, do not react
Feldspar (KAlSi3O8)
Albite (NaAlSi3O8)
and Others
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plus
Clay: Kaolinite
(Al2Si2O5(OH)4)
Twelve Classes of Soil texture
Silty soils with
medium-size pores,
or loamy soils with
mixtures of pore
sizes are best for
plant growth and
crop agriculture
*
The Composition (*) :
20 % Clay
40% Silt
40% Sand
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We face both too little and too much food
3,000 kcal/day (for 60kg or 132lbs body weight)
=35 cal/sec (~150Watts)
• Undernourishment: people receive less than 90% of their
daily caloric needs
- Mainly from economic reasons in developing countries
- 31 million Americans are food insecure
• Overnutrition = receiving too many calories
- In the U.S., 25% of adults are obese
- Worldwide, more than 300 million people are obese
• Malnutrition = a shortage of nutrients the body needs
- The diet lacks adequate vitamins and minerals
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Energy choices through food choices:
% Energy Conversion Efficiency (= Output/Feed Input x100)
• ~ 90% of energy is lost
every time energy moves
from one trophic level to
the next (refer to p150)
• Some animals convert
grain into meat more
efficiently than others
• The lower on the food
chain from which we
take our food sources,
the more people the
Earth can support.
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%
5
14
22
36
91
ref: Pyramid of Energy/Biomass (p150)
The Ecological Footprint
US 9.6 ha, World 2.23 ha per capita
• Carbon Footprint (Home energy &
transportation):
i.e., Gas, electricity & gasoline
%
37
• Food Footprint
27
• Housing
13
• Goods and Services Footprint
(Clothing, & others)
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23
___
100
The taxonomy of species
Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea
Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists
Chordata, Arthopoda, Mollusca, etc.
Mammals, Amphibia, Reptila, etc.
Primates, Carnivora, Insectivora, etc.
Hominidae, lemurs, monkeys, etc.
Homo, Apes(Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Orangutan)
Sapience (Human), Erectus, Neanderthal, etc.
(Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Juagar, etc)
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Mass Extinction is a natural process
• Sudden Catastrophic Climate Changes:
- Destruction of Habitats, Ecosystem
•
Triggered by
- Volcanism, Earthquake, and other Plate Tectonics
- Impact of Meteorites: ~ 100 M tons/yr
Short hot spell in local area followed by
Long nuclear winter type spell globally
Asteroids: over a billions
Comets of Kuiper Belt: Several Thousands
Comets from Oort Cloud: billions (1.6 ly)
- Human Impact (Current or 6th ME)
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The Kuiper Belt (20~55 AU)
Eris, Pluto
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Oort Cloud (1 ly)
Milky way Galaxy: How Solar Debris go astray
Human Impact (Current or 6th ME)
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Geological Times
• Ter./Qua: Homo (M)
• Cre.: Birds
• Jur.: Mammals (M)
• Tri.: Dinosaur (V)
• Per. : Reptiles
• Car.: Amphibians
• Dev.: Insects
• Sil.: Land Plants
• Ord.: Fishes
• Cam.: Vertebrates
• Marine animals
• Invertebrates
• Eukaryotes
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Possibility of Biodiversity in other solar systems
• ~100 G suns in our galaxy (Milky way)
• How many of these have planets? (~ 250 found so far)
if 10 %, ~10 G solar systems;
if 1 %, ~1 G sol systems
• Is the planets big enough to hold air and liquids?
If 1 %, ~100 M planets;
if 0.1 %, ~1 M planets
• Is temperature of the planets right?
if 1 %, ~1 M planets;
if 0.1 %, ~1,000 planets
• Is the system located at right distance from the galactic center?
If 1 %, ~10,000 planets;
if 0.1 %, ~1
planets
• Is the system located at right distance from the center?
If 1 %, ~100 planets;
optimistic
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if 0.1 %,
~0
planets;
pessimistic
Migration of Human out of Africa: 200,000 years ago
• During this Quaternary period, we may lose
more than half of all species
- Hundreds of human-induced species
extinctions, and multitudes of others,
teeter on the brink of extinction
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People have hunted species to extinction for 150 millennia
Extinctions followed human arrival on islands and continents
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