Transcript lecture 1 history of chinese administration.ppt

Lecture 1
Administrative History of China
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Stage 1: Royal Administration (Pre-1912)
Administration served royal families.
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1) A highly centralized structure of power.
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2) A formal examination system, Kejuzhi.
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3) Morality was deemed as essential for good
governance.
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4) Sophisticate administrative institutions and a
delicate system of division of labor.
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Stage 2. State Administration (1912-1978)
Administration served the authoritative state with a
Leninist party as an instrument of political struggle.
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1912-1949 the Republic of China (ROC, 1912-1949)
 The Kuomintang Party (KMT) founded the Nationalist
regime in 1925 and established the State Council as the
highest executive branch.
 In 1929 the Five-Yuan System, including the Executive
Yuan, the Judicial Yuan, the Legislative Yuan, the
Examination Yuan, and the Control Yuan, was established
according to Sun Yatsen’s Five-Power theory.
Nonetheless, the KMT Party was in full control of the
state apparatus.
 Due to the Japanese invasion (1931-1945), the two Civil
Wars (1927-1937, 1945-1949) between the KMT and the
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and the actual warlord
control over many provinces, the administration
of ROC
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mainly served wars.
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1949-1978 Period of the PRC (1949-present)
 Administration was driven by a communist
ideology and focused on class struggle, which
culminated during the Cultural Revolution (196676).
 (1) Government was under strict control of
the party. Administration was basically
driven by politics.
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(2) State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) almost
monopolized industries and commerce.
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(3) The government was omnipotent and
deprived or penetrated most social spheres.
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Major features of administration (1949-1978)
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1. Politics-driven
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2. A top-down order-driven system
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Using political ideology in recruiting personnel, setting
major work tasks, and evaluating governmental
performance. Decisions were highly politicized.
Maintaining a strong capacity of the party to mobilize the
whole country.
Control and compliance were emphasized.
3. Omnipotent functions
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Direct economic functions and social functions
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Stage 3. Public Administration (Post-1978)
Administration increasingly served demands from
citizens.
Publicness is a matter of degree.
 1) Rise of pragmatism and goal changes;
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2) Major reforms to modernize and globalize
administration;
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3) More accessible, accountable, and responsive
administration.
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Changing contexts for public administration
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Economic marketization and Chinese miracle
Social change and rise of civil society
More liberal political environment
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Major features of administration (1978-present)
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1. Performance-driven
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2. Increasing decentralization
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Performance, especially economic goals, are sought.
Rely on local incentives and innovations
3. Limited government
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Cut back to basics
Deregulation
Privatization
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The story of Rong Family: A
miniature of China’s transformation
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Before 1949, Rong family controlled half of
flour industry and textile industry in China.
After 1949, Yiren Rong remained in Shanghai.
In the 1950s, he contributed his assets to the
state and became a high-rank official.
 He was a symbol of red capitalist.
After Deng came into power, he was needed by
reformers. He was trusted to establish the China
Citic Bank in 1987. In 1993, he became the vice
president of China.
He was reported to be the richest mainland
Chinese in 1999 and 2000 by the Hurun Report.
His son, Zhijian Rong, was also top 10 of Hurun
Report 2008.
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Burgeoning international trade
2000
Annual Value of Imports and Exports （USD billion)
1600
1200
800
400
19
90
19
91
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92
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93
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95
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96
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China’s international trade in goods is now no. 1 in the world.
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The world’s major destiny of Foreign Direct Investment
Annual Amount of FDI Actually utilized （USD billion)
80
60
40
20
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
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Between 1979 and 2006, totally FDI actually utilized in China
accumulated to USD 691 billion.
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Global cities in China
China is expected to
become the largest
international tourist
market in 2020.
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Two Major Forces Shaping the Transition of PA in China
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1. The modernization momentum;
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2. The historical legacy.
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