Transcript Manchester Presentation (6)

The Manchester Model:
The way forward in
designing out crime?
Dr Leanne Monchuk
Content of presentation
1) What is Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
(CPTED)?
2) The delivery of CPTED
3) Brief overview of doctoral research
4) Case study example
What is CPTED?
“The proper design and effective use of the built environment, that can lead
to a reduction in the fear or incidence of crime and an improvement in the
quality of life”
(Crowe, 2000 p. 46)
• 5 principles of CPTED:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
iv)
Physical security
Surveillance
Movement control
Defensible space
Management & maintenance
(Armitage, 2013)
Does it work?
• Independent academic evaluations suggest that crime can be prevented through
design.
• Evaluation of Secured by Design in West Yorkshire (Armitage & Monchuk, 2011)
• Burglary rate 75% higher in the non-SBD sample
• SBD developments = less self-reported crime
• SBD developments = less visual signs of disorder
Policy & guidance
• Section 17 Crime and Disorder Act (1998) “it shall be the duty of each
authority…to do all that it reasonably can to prevent crime and disorder in its
area”
• National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF):
should aim to ensure that developments create safe and accessible
environments where crime and disorder, and the fear of crime, do not
undermine quality of life or community cohesion (DCLG, 2012 p.15).
• No systematic process to ensure that the police are involved in the design of new
developments
• This applies across police forces and within forces
CPTED & the planning process
Planning
Application
submitted to
Local
Authority
Planning
Permission
Granted or
Refused
Development
International references to Manchester…
Doctoral research (PhD)
1)
Examine how CPTED is delivered across Greater Manchester
o Process of delivery - Crime Impact Statement (CIS)
o 4 case studies – CIS
o Interviews with representatives from LPAs
2)
Examine how CPTED is actually applied across England and Wales
o Whether ALOs are able to successfully predict the nature and location of
crime risk in the built environment
Assessing the application of CPTED
• 28 of the most experienced ALOs in England & Wales
Assessing the application of CPTED
Property crime:
• Burglary dwelling
• Burglary other
Vehicle crime:
• Theft of motor vehicle
• Theft from motor vehicle
Is there a skill?
Many factors may determine victimisation, but if there is a skill, prediction has to
be better than chance
• There is a skill (better than chance)
• Former built environment professionals tended to perform better
• Former built environment professionals were less risk averse
Case study analysis
• 4 residential developments tracked using ‘Diary of Activity Sheets’
o Meetings
o Telephone calls
o Site visits
o Emails/Letters
o Planning application etc
• Built and resided in
• Police recorded crime data (May 2012 – May 2014)
Case study example
• 12 two-bedroomed flats, 12 car parking spaces and landscaping
• Site was an open green space
• Two sides of the development abutted the public highway and two sides were
adjacent to existing housing (semi-detached and terraced housing)
• Housing association
• High crime area (criminal damage & burglary)
Case study example
• Layout of development
• Entrances to rear
• Lack of habitable
rooms to side
• Concerns about lack
of surveillance over
entrances and car
parking area
Case study example
• Plan amended to
ensure that:
i)
all main entrances
were accessed off
the main road
ii) additional windows
had been
incorporated to
increase levels of
surveillance
Case study example
CPTED principle
Recommendations
Action?
Defensible
space
Some form of defensible space at Space demarcated through
front of development.
the use of fencing &
planting.
Defensible
space
Side & rear boundaries of the 2100mm fencing erected to
development
should
clearly the side of the development
demarcated.
& 1800mm high fencing to
the rear.
Additional 300mm of trellis
was not installed.
Management
&
Maintenance
Landscaping well maintained & Policy unknown.
automatic gates checked regularly.
Case study example
•
During period of analysis 1
criminal
damage
(other)
recorded.
•
The modus operandi states
young
people
accessed
communal garden area and
have defaced the communal
washing line.
•
2,100 individual properties /
635 recorded calls for service.
•
Less
serious
wounding;
burglary; criminal damage
and theft.
Key points…
• Research confirms that opportunities for crime and disorder can be reduced
through the design of the built environment
• No burglary dwelling or burglary other was recorded at any of the four
developments during the period of analysis
• Manchester model atypical
• Consider CPTED early in the process
• Evolving - wanting to improve service delivered
Thank you
Dr Leanne Monchuk
+44 (0)1484 472670
[email protected]
@leannemonchuk