Transcript Contrastive L1 -Summer

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Wish You an enjoyable and cold
Summer semester
 Ramadan
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Mubarak
Easy Fasting
Contrastive Analysis
By: Carl James
Chapter 1
Part 1-Page 1-10
Presented by:
Dr. Faiza Abdalla
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1.2 The Place of CA in Linguistics
Who is a linguist?
is the person who is professionally engaged in
the study and teaching of one or more
languages. He is interested in language families,
history and universality and relationship bw Ls.
A polyglot: or a linguist
Multilingual person who with philosophical interest,
interested in thought and truth, who can work as a
translator or interpreter.
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Linguists have always been
interested in comparing and
contrasting different language
systems.
Linguistic studies can be done by
following different approaches: :
 1/particularists
 Some
linguists are interested in
studying and analyzing one language
with
its
peculiar
(strange)
characteristics. Those linguists are
called particular/ists. They tend to
study language in isolation.
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Other
linguists
are
called:
generalists who are interested in
studying languages in groups.
They are not interested in one
particular language. They study
languages as a phenomenon
‫ (ظاهره(فينومنون‬of human life.
 Another
linguistic
approach
is
whether the study of language are the
two sciences synchronic or diachronic.
studied by De Saussure (1959-81):
 Synchronic
study according to De
Saussure‫( سوشر‬1959) refers to the
study of one language (one aspect of a
language) at a specific point of its
history.(is static side of science)
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Diachronic study refers to the study of
one language (or one aspect of a
language) at different times of its
history.(this do with evolution side of
science) Means change.
Actually, all Ls. have enough in common to
be compared and classified into types, this
called linguistic typology.
 Typology : established classifying system
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It classifies languages according
to their
preferred grammatical devices(tools)
Or it talks abut:
Synthetic
Analytic
‫تراكيب‬
‫تحليل‬
Inflectio
nal
Agglutinati
ng
‫اعراب‬
‫تراص‬
Tones
‫ نغمة‬-‫اسلوب‬
another approach refers to the way of
studying languages either in:
 Isolation: when studying the properties of
a language away from other languages. OR
 Comparative: When studying languages
with comparison to each other.
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Is CA generalist or particularist?
Is it concerned with immanence‫ذاتيه‬
of comparison?
Is it diachronic or synchronic?
Is CA generalist or
particularist?(P: 2
First:
 It is not yet clear cut :
Neither generalist or particularis
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Is it concerned with immanence‫ذاتيه‬
of comparison?
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is
intermediate on scale
between the two extremes. And
because CA is interested
in
comparing bw Ls. So it interested
in classification under which both
approaches are involve.
Is it diachronic or
synchronic?
Finally,
 It is not interested in language families or
history
 Nor in statistic phenomena to call it
synchronic. So we can call it both- But
 What is CA?
 It is a hybrid linguistic enterprise
 (Project)
 (Mixture)
 Aimed to produce inverted two valued
typologies.
 i.e (always contrastive) not comparative. On
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What is Contrastive Analysis?
The word contrastive implies that is it more
interested in the differences and similarities
between languages than being interested in
languages families and history.
What is Contrastive Analysis?
Fisiak (1981) defines CA as "a subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the
comparison of two or more languages or
subsystems of language in order to
determine
both
the
differences
and
similarities between Them."
In other words, CA is a branch of
applied linguistics that is concerned
with studying and findings the
similarities and differences between a
pair of languages or more based on
the assumption that languages can be
compared
then
applying
these
findings to the area of teaching and
learning languages.
Robert Lado's formulation of the "Contrastive
Analysis Hypothesis" in his “Linguistics across
Cultures” (1957) is considered the greatest
contribution in the field of CA studies.
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After the World War II, the interest in teaching
foreign languages increased in the USA and
many linguists were concerned with the
studies that tries to predict the learning
difficulties on the basis of comparing the
native language with the foreign language
being learnt, and also the study of
bilingualism
and
language
contact
phenomena.
It was originally known as Comparative
Linguistics then it became known as
Contrastive Linguistics, Contrastive Study,
Contrastive
Analysis,
and
Differen/tial
Linguistics where all these terms can be used
interchangeably in the same context.
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The term transfer/interference is dealt with in CA
to explain the difficulties learners face in learning
a
second
language.
To
avoid
any
misunderstanding,
transfer
is
used
interchangeably with interference. Transfer refers
to the influence of L1 on L2 in both positive and
negative way.
Odlin (1989) presents a definition of transfer as "
The influence resulting from the similarities and
differences between the target language and any
other language that has been previously
acquired."
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Positive transfer occurs where a language
item in L1 is also present in L2, so acquisition
of this item makes little or no difficulty for
the learners.
Negative transfer occurs when there is no
concordance between L1 and L2 and thus,
acquisition of the new L2 structure would be
more difficult and errors reflecting L1
structure would be produced. (Powell: 1998)
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Q1. Define the following:.
A. the linguist.
B. Bolyglot
Q2. what the interest or field of CA?
Q3. Classify the linguistics approaches of
CA?
Q4. What is the difference between dychronic
and synchronic approaches?
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Q7 Define negative and positive transfer?
Q8. is contrastive analysis synchronic or
diachronic?
Q9.How Fisiak defined CA?
THANK YOU
Part 2
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CONTRASTIVE Analysis
Chapter 1
Part 2
Presented by:
Dr. Faiza Abdalla
Earlier they assumed that, any branch of
linguistics has objectives to study human
language.
A Language may be:
Extant ‫موجوده‬vital ‫حيويه‬
or dead‫ انقرضت‬and only found as a written
representations of the language in question.
But, now.
There are other branches of linguistics are more
specialized and studies parts of whole languages
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Examples of these branches::
1.phonetics:
concerns with human noise(its audio able shapenature- combination, function in relation to the
msg.)
2. Dialectology:
Concerns with dialect.
Language as hey assume viewed in dialect
Dialects are vary among themselves.
There are 3 kinds of dialects:
1. Historical dialect
2. Geographical dialect
3. Social dialect
Is a linguist who concerned with socially
marked varieties not with a language itself.
 So to be a linguist study a part
or some
aspect of a L. as entity not a total entity of a
language.
3. Another branch of specialized linguistics:
 Not primarily concerned with languages in
conventional sense.
 It interest in emergence of these languages
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Why?
Emergence is evolutionary
concept (As De Saussure’s
sense), sees it as diachronic
not synchronic.
De Saussure think‫ س‬of L evolution ‫ تطور‬as :
historical sense
phylogenetic
Sense ‫تطور نوعي‬
- It pertains(‫ )يخص‬to change that spans
generations and centuries.
- Diachronic is ontogeny (‫)تطور الجنين‬
- It is the change within the human individual.
- Examples for this:
- 1. study infants’ language acquisitions.
- A child progress starts from zero knowledge
of the L spoken around him. He progressed in
the field of ontogenesis of grammar.
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Study child spoken L is not interchangeable
study.
But when the issue concerned SL or FL(L1 –L2)
Which concerned with MONOLANGUAGE &
becoming bilingual, where 2L are concerned .
2 Translation Theory :
is the 2nd field of transition from L to L.
It called the study of how texts from a L to
another are transformed into comparable
text into another L.
- The focus here not on LL, but in the text
replacement
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2.
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4.
5.
6.
The analysis characteristic of SL
The Synthesis characteristics of TL text.
Each pair text has on interlingua>
A learner towards mastering FL (Nemser
1971 develops a series of
systems(transitional dialect)*coder,1971
- They are successive and intersecting‫تقاطع‬
- later Translation equivalence will discuss
as a a basis of Language comparison in CA.
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What is different between “PURE” & “Applied”
linguistics.
Although Corder 1973 doubts the existence
of so called: “Applied linguistics”.
He said it is not a science in its own right
But, it is a mere technology, based on pure
linguistics.
Ross sees CA is pure not applied linguistics.
This course concerns with Applied CA, not
pure counterparts (alike), but before define
Applied Linguistics
1. it is one of the few investigations of L
structure.
 That improved pedagogy .
 It is a true field of Applied Language
research
2. Politzer 1972 not explicit, for him CA is a
central and substantial component of Applied
L.
3 in fact the 4 coming chapter see CA as pure
and applied linguistics
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Is of both, but:
1. Pure CA is peripheral enterprise in pure L.
2. it is a central concern of applied linguistics
We will then use the term “applied CA”
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studied that CA is
 Interlingual study
 Wandruszka 1971 called it inter-linguistics.
 As bilingualism , which is not studying
individual language, or single languages nor
Language in general
 ,but the possession of 2 L.
 They said:
 We call it societal bilingual---if it is a
possession of 2 L spoken by one community
 If
we speak about individual bilingualism if
one person speaks 2 L.
THEREFORE,
 The CA concerns
1. with individual bilingualism he called
(extant bilingualism=already speak 2L)
2. On how monolingual can become bilingual
incipient (binlinualization- a beginner).
What’s bilingualism?
Is to own 2 languages by a person or a society.
extant
1. Earlier
 Di Pietro (1971:9):
 Find example of CA in a book written by {C.H.
Grandgent (1957)
 It is about English and French sound systems.
 2. in Modern Era:
 Lado’s 2 books {Linguistics Across
Culture(1957):
 About linguistics integration of immigrants to
USA.
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3. Weinreich‫(واين رايت‬1953) & Haugen‫(هاوجين‬1956)
did studies of immigrant bilingualism.
All above are historical link between CA and
bilingualism studies;
Some are doubt about this link>>why?
Because?
They said
Weinreich and Haugen studies are analyze how
2nd L(American English) influenced immigrant’s
command and maintenance of native language,
but
1. The way in wc NL affect FL learning in the
individual . And Weinriech andf Haugen
studied :
 the long term effects.
Of L contact
 Spanning
2. CA concerned with
- Parole their work with L.
- With interference
- With intergration
Pidginisation )‫بيجن‬simple English)
 Creolization (a L comes out from mixing 2L.
 Pidgin:
 Stage of simplification involve losing of:
- Inflections of copula‫تصريف‬
‫ الفعل الرابط‬like is –are link subject with
compliment
- Function words(articles
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