Transcript Chapter 7 Skeleton Part II.ppt

The bones of the axial skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206
Cranium 8
Skull
Face
Skull and
associated 29
bones
Associated
bones
Auditory
ossicles 6
Hyoid
AXIAL
80
SKELETON
14
1
Sternum 1
Thoracic
25
cage
APPENDICULAR
126
SKELETON
(see Section 2)
Ribs
Costal
cartilages
(cartilages
of ribs)
24
Intervertebral
discs (cartilage)
Vertebrae 24
Vertebral
column 26
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Sacrum
1
Coccyx
1
Figure 7 Section 1
Section 1: Axial Skeleton
• Axial skeleton
• Forms longitudinal axis of body
• Includes:
• Skull and associated bones
• Thoracic cage
• Vertebral column
• Various supplemental cartilages
• Typically 80 bones
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Module 7.9: Vertebral column
• Vertebral column
•
Consists of 26 bones (24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum, 1
coccyx)
Functions
• Provides a column of support
• Transfers weight to lower limbs
• Protects spinal column
• Helps maintain upright position
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Module 7.9: Vertebral column
•
Spinal curves
•
Primary (before birth) and secondary (after birth)
•
Cervical curve (secondary)
•
•
Thoracic curve (primary)
•
•
Accommodation of thoracic organs
Lumbar curve (secondary)
•
•
Develops as infant learns to balance head on vertebrae
Develops with ability to stand to balance trunk over
limbs
Sacral curve (primary)
•
Accommodates abdominopelvic organs
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The spinal curves and vertebral regions
in the adult vertebral column
Spinal Curves
Vertebral Regions
Primary curves develop before
birth, and secondary curves after
birth.
Regions are defined
by anatomical
characteristics of
individual vertebrae.
Cervical curve
(a secondary curve)
Thoracic curve
(a primary curve)
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
Cervical
(7 vertebrae)
Thoracic
(12 vertebrae)
L2
Lumbar curve
(a secondary curve)
L3
Lumbar
(5 vertebrae)
L4
L5
Sacral curve
(a primary curve)
Sacral
Coccygeal
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Figure 7.9
1
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Figure 7.9
1
Module 7.9: Vertebral column
•
Vertebral regions (defined by anatomical
characteristics of individual vertebrae)
•
Cervical (7 vertebrae)
•
Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
•
Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
•
Sacral
•
Coccygeal
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The parts of a typical vertebra
Parts of a Vertebra
Articular processes
Vertebral arch
Vertebral body
Superior view
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Figure 7.9
2
Module 7.9: Vertebral column
•
Parts of typical vertebra
•
Articular processes
•
•
Extend superiorly and inferiorly to articulate
with adjacent vertebrae
Vertebral body
•
Transfers weight along vertebral column axis
•
Vertebral arch (next slide)
•
Vertebral foramen
•
Formed by vertebral body and arch
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The parts of the vertebral
arch
The Vertebral Arch
Spinous process
Vertebral
foramen
Laminae
Transverse process
Pedicles
Inferior view
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Figure 7.9
3
Module 7.9: Vertebral column
•
Characteristics of articulated vertebrae
•
Intervertebral discs
•
•
Pads of fibrous cartilage found between bodies of
adjacent vertebrae
Intervertebral foramina
•
Spaces between successive pedicles
•
Passage of nerves and blood vessels
•
Vertebral canal
•
Encloses spinal cord
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A lateral view of three vertebrae
Pedicle
Intervertebral disc
Intervertebral foramina
Vertebral
body
Vertebral canal
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Figure 7.9
4
A posterior view of two vertebrae
Articular facet
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process
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Figure 7.9
5
Module 7.9 Review
a. Name the major components of a typical
vertebra.
b. What is the importance of the secondary
curves of the spine?
c. To which part of the vertebra do the
intervertebral discs attach?
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Module 7.10: Cervical and thoracic vertebrae
•
Cervical vertebrae
•
Characteristics
•
Smallest of vertebral column
•
Extend from occipital bone to thorax
•
Large vertebral foramen
•
•
Spinal cord here has many axons connecting to brain
Vertebral body is small and light
•
Only supports weight of head
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A typical cervical vertebra
Transverse foramen
Bifid spinous process
Vertebral
foramen
Vertebral body
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Transverse process
Costal process
Figure 7.10
1
Module 7.10: Cervical and thoracic vertebrae
•
First two cervical vertebrae
•
Specialized to stabilize cranium while permitting head
movement
1. Atlas (C1) (named after Greek god who holds world)
•
•
No spinous process
No vertebral body
•
Large round vertebral foramen
2. Axis (C2)
•
Prominent dens or odontoid (odontos, tooth) process
of body
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The first two cervical
vertebrae: the atlas
and the axis
Anterior
arch of
atlas
Atlas
Dens (odontoid process)
Joint that permits
nodding (as in
indicating “yes”)
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Axis
Posterior arch
of atlas
Ligament that enables
rotation (as in shaking
the head to indicate
“no”)
Figure 7.10
2
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A lateral view of the seven cervical vertebrae
Vertebra
prominens
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Figure 7.10
3
Module 7.10: thoracic vertebrae
•
Thoracic vertebrae
• Twelve thoracic vertebrae
• Body of each (moving inferior) is more robust
than the one superior due to bearing of increasing
weight
• Each has costal facets that articulate with ribs
•Characteristics
•Distinctive heart-shaped body
•Smaller vertebral foramen
•Long, slender, inferiorly pointing
spinous process
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Figure 7.10
4
A typical thoracic vertebra in superior view
Transverse
process
Spinous process
Vertebral
foramen
Superior
articular
facet
Superior
costal facet
Vertebral
body
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Figure 7.10
5
A typical thoracic vertebra in lateral view
Superior
costal facet
Transverse
costal facet
Vertebral
body
Spinous process
Inferior costal facet
Transverse process
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Figure 7.10
6
•
Lumbar vertebrae
•
•
Five lumbar vertebrae
Largest and transmit most weight
•
Characteristics
•
Do not have costal facets
•
Have slender transverse processes
•
Triangular vertebral foramen
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Module 7.11: Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and
coccyx
•
Sacrum
•
Five fused vertebrae
•
Completely fused by ~25–30 years old
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Module 7.11: Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and
coccyx
•
Coccyx
•
Three to five fused vertebrae
•
Begin fusing about age 2
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Module 7.11 Review
a. How many vertebrae are present in the
lumbar region? In the sacrum?
b. What structure forms the posterior wall of the
pelvic girdle? We have not gone over this yet
but what do you think it would be?
c. Why are the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae
so large?
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Module 7.12: Thoracic cage
•
Thoracic cage
•
Provides bony support to thoracic cavity walls
•
Protects heart, lungs, thymus, and other
thoracic cavity organs
•
Attachment for muscles involved in
1. Respiration
2. Maintenance of vertebral column position
3. Movements of pectoral girdle and upper
limbs
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An anterior view of the thoracic cage
Jugular notch
T1
1
2
3
Sternum
Manubrium
4
5
Ribs
Vertebrosternal ribs
(ribs 1–7)
6
11
Body
T11
7
Vertebrosternal ribs
(ribs 8–10)
12
T12
8
9
Floating ribs
(ribs 11 and 12)
Xiphoid process
10
Costal cartilages
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Figure 7.12
1
Module 7.12: Thoracic cage
•
Thoracic cage components
•
Ribs
•
Very mobile and flexible bones
•
Types
•
•
•
Vertebrocostal ribs (ribs 1–7)
•
Connect to sternum via individual costal cartilages
Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10)
•
Connect to sternum via shared costal cartilages
Floating ribs (ribs 11 and 12)
•
No connection to sternum
•
Also known as vertebral ribs
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Module 7.12: Thoracic cage
•
Thoracic cage components (continued)
•
Sternum
•
Forms anterior midline of thoracic wall
•
Three regions
1.
Manubrium (superior portion that articulates with
clavicles and first pair of ribs)
2.
Body (attaches inferiorly to manubrium and to ribs
2–7)
3.
Xiphoid process (smallest, most inferior region)
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Ribs: Head or capitulum (attachment to vertebra)
Angle (bend connecting head to shaft)
Shaft (tubular body)
Posterior view of a representative rib
(ribs 2–9)
Articular facets
on head
Capitulum
Tubercle
Angle of the rib
Shaft
Superficial surface
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Costal groove
Figure 7.12
2
The action of a typical rib, which
can be likened to the movement
of a bucket’s handle
Sternum
Ribs
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Figure 7.12
4
Superior view of a representative rib
Transverse
process
Tubercular facet
Superior articular facet
Transverse
costal facet
Inferior articular facet
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Figure 7.12
3
Section 2: Appendicular Skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton
• Consists of bones of the limbs and supporting
elements (or girdles) that connect them to trunk
• 126 bones
• Pectoral girdle (4)
• Upper limbs (60)
• Pelvic girdle (2)
• Lower limbs (60)
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The bones of the appendicular skeleton
206
SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL
80
SKELETON
Clavicle
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2
Scapula
2
Humerus
2
Radius
2
Ulna
2
Carpal bones
16
Metacarpal bones
10
Phalanges
(proximal,
middle, distal)
28
Hip bone
(coxal bone)
2
Femur
2
Patella
2
Tibia
2
Fibula
2
Tarsal bones
14
Metatarsal bones
10
Phalanges
28
Pectoral
girdle
4
Upper
limbs
60
APPENDICULAR 126
SKELETON
Pelvic
girdle
2
Lower
limbs
60
Figure 7 Section 2
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Joins arm to trunk
Consists of clavicle and scapula
The relationship of the clavicle
to adjacent bones
Clavicle
Jugular notch
Scapula
Humerus
Anterior view
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Figure 7.13
1
Module 7.13: Pectoral girdle
• Clavicle
• Originate or Attaches at superior, lateral border of
manubrium
• Characteristics
• Sternal end
• Pyramid-shaped
• Articulates with acromion of scapula
• Acromial end
• Flatter, broader than sternal end
• Rough interior surface bearing lines and tubercles
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Two views of the right clavicle
Superior view
MEDIAL
LATERAL
Acromial
end
LATERAL
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Sternal
end
Inferior view
MEDIAL
Figure 7.13
2
Module 7.13: Pectoral girdle
• Scapula
• Body
• Broad, smooth triangle
Subscapular fossa
Anterior surface depression
Glenoid cavity
Cup-shaped
Articulates with humerus
Scapular spine
Ridge on posterior surface
Supraspinous fossa (supra, above)
Infraspinous fossa (infra, below)
Acromion process
End of spine
Coracoid process
Anterior, superior to glenoid cavity
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Two views of the right scapula
Scapular spine
Acromion Coracoid
process
Superior
border
Acromion
Superior
angle
Supraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
Process that
supports the
cup-shaped
glenoid cavity
Lateral
border
Medial
border
Anterior view
Infraspinous fossa
Posterior view
Inferior
angle
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Figure 7.13
3
– 4
Two views of the right scapula
Scapular spine
Acromion Coracoid
process
Superior
border
Acromion
Superior
angle
Supraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
Process that
supports the
cup-shaped
glenoid cavity
Lateral
border
Medial
border
Anterior view
Infraspinous fossa
Posterior view
Inferior
angle
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Figure 7.13
3
– 4
A lateral view of the right
scapula
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Acromion
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Figure 7.13
5
Module 7.13 Review
a. Name the bones of the pectoral girdle.
b. How would a broken clavicle affect the
mobility and stability of the scapula?
c. Which bone articulates with the scapula at the
glenoid cavity?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Skeleton of upper limbs includes those of
arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
•
Arm = shoulder to elbow
•
Forearm = elbow to wrist
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Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Humerus
•
Head
•
•
Proximal end that articulates with glenoid cavity (scapula)
Lesser tubercle
•
•
Smaller projection on anterior, medial epiphyseal surface
Greater tubercle
•
Rounded projection on lateral epiphyseal surface
•
Establishes lateral contour of shoulder
•
Intertubercular groove
•
Between tubercles
•
Important for muscle attachment
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Surface features of the right humerus
Posterior
view
Anterior
view
Head
Greater
tubercle
Intertubercular groove
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Radial groove
Shaft
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Capitulum
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Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Trochlea
Figure 7.14
1
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Humerus (continued)
•
Anatomical neck
•
•
Marks extent of joint capsule
Surgical neck
•
•
Fractures typically occur here
Deltoid tuberosity
•
Large, rough elevation on lateral surface
•
Attachment of deltoid muscle
•
Radial groove
•
Crosses inferior end of deltoid tuberosity
•
Depression marking path of radial nerve
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Surface features of the right humerus
Posterior
view
Anterior
view
Head
Greater
tubercle
Intertubercular groove
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Radial groove
Shaft
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Capitulum
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Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Trochlea
Figure 7.14
1
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Humerus (continued)
•
Radial fossa
•
•
Accommodates portion of radial head
Condyle (attachment point for radius and
ulna)
•
Capitulum
•
•
Lateral surface of condyle
Trochlea (trochlea, pulley)
•
Medial surface of condyle
•
Extends from olecranon fossa (posterior) to
coronoid fossa (anterior)
•
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These depressions accept projections of ulna
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Ulna and radius
•
Parallel bones that support forearm
•
In anatomical position, ulna is medial to radius
•
Shafts connected via interosseus membrane
•
Proximal radio-ulnar joint
•
Distal radio-ulnar joint
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Surface features of the right ulna and radius
Posterior
view
Anterior
view
Trochlear notch
Radial head
Olecranon
Coronoid process
Neck of the radius
Proximal radio-ulnar joint
Radial notch
at proximal
radio-ulnar joint
Radial tuberosity
Ulna
Radius
Radius
Ulna
Interosseous membrane
Ulnar notch
Distal radio-ulnar joint
Ulnar head
Styloid process of the radius
Ulnar head
Styloid process of the ulna
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Figure 7.14
2
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Ulna (In anatomical Position Ulna is Medial
to the Radius!!!)
•
Olecranon
•
Superior end of ulna
•
Point of elbow
•
Ulnar head
•
•
Distal, slender, rounded end
Styloid process (styloid, long and pointed)
•
Posterior, lateral surface of head
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Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Radius
•
Radial head
•
Articulates with capitulum of humerus
•
During flexion, swings into radial fossa of humerus
•
Neck
•
•
From radial head to tuberosity
Styloid process
•
Distal radius that articulates with bones of wrist
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Module 7.15: Carpal bones, metacarpals, and
phalanges
•
Carpus
•
Eight carpal bones arranged in two rows of four bones
•
Proximal carpal bones
1.
2.
3.
Scaphoid (skaphe, boat)
•
Lateral border of wrist
•
Closest to styloid process of radius
Lunate (luna, moon)
•
Medial to scaphoid
•
Articulates with radius
Pisiform (pisum, pea)
•
4.
Anterior to triquetrum
Triquetrum (triquetrus, three-cornered)
•
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Articulates with disc separating ulna from wrist
Module 7.15: Carpal bones, metacarpals, and
phalanges
•
Carpus (continued)
•
Distal carpal bones
5.
Trapezium (trapezion, four sided with no parallel sides)
•
6.
7.
8.
Lateral bone that articulates with scaphoid
Trapezoid
•
Medial to trapezium
•
Proximal articulation with scaphoid
Capitate (caput, head)
•
Largest carpal bone
•
Between trapezoid and hamate
Hamate
•
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Medial carpal bone
The bones of the carpus (wrist)
Proximal Carpal Bones
Scaphoid
Lunate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Right wrist and hand,
anterior (palmar) view
Radius Ulna
I
II
III
IV
V
Metacarpal
bones
Proximal
phalanx
Distal Carpal Bones
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
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Figure 7.15
1
Module 7.15: Carpal bones, metacarpals, and
phalanges
•
Metacarpals (metacarpus, hand)
•
Articulate with distal carpal bones and support hand
•
Identified by Roman numerals I–V, from lateral to
medial
•
Distally articulate with proximal finger bones
•
Phalanges
•
14 phalanges per hand
•
Pollex (thumb) has 2 phalanges (proximal and distal)
•
All other fingers have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle,
and distal)
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The metacarpal bones
(designated I–V) and the
phalanges of the hand
Radius
Ulna
Proximal Carpal Bones
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Distal Carpal Bones
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
I
V
IV
III
II
Proximal phalanx of pollex
Metacarpal bones
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx of pollex
Right wrist and hand,
posterior (dorsal) view
Distal phalanx
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Figure 7.15
2
Module 7.16: Pelvic girdle
•
Pelvic girdle
•
Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones)
•
Hip bone formed by fusion of three bones
1. Ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubis
•
Acetabulum (acetabulum, vinegar cup)
• Concave socket formed by all three fused bones
• Articulates with head of femur
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Module 7.16: Pelvic girdle
Ilium
•
Iliac spines Attachment of important muscles and ligaments
•
Iliac crest Important ridge for muscle attachment
Ischium
Ischial spine
Projects superior to sciatic notch
Passage of blood vessels, nerves, and small muscle
Ischial tuberosity
Roughened projection
Supports body weight when seated
Pubis
Pubic symphysis
Connects pubic bones via fibrous cartilage pad
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A hip bone, which consists of an
ilium, an ischium, and a pubis
Ilium
A lateral view of the right hip bone
POSTERIOR
Ischium
ANTERIOR
Pubis
Iliac crest
Gluteal Lines
Medial
Anterior
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Lunate surface
Greater
sciatic
notch
Acetabulum
Ischial spine
Ischial ramus
Ischial tuberosity
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Acetabular notch
Figure 7.16
1
–
2
A hip bone, which consists of an
ilium, an ischium, and a pubis
Ilium
A lateral view of the right hip bone
POSTERIOR
Ischium
ANTERIOR
Pubis
Iliac crest
Gluteal Lines
Medial
Anterior
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Lunate surface
Greater
sciatic
notch
Acetabulum
Ischial spine
Ischial ramus
Ischial tuberosity
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Acetabular notch
Figure 7.16
1
–
2
A medial view of the right hip bone
Ilium
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
Pubis
Ischium
Iliac crest
Iliac tuberosity
Iliac fossa
Auricular surface
of the ilium
Arcuate line of the ilium
Greater sciatic notch
Pectineal line
Obturator foramen
Superior pubic ramus
Pubic symphysis
Ischial ramus
Inferior pubic ramus
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Figure 7.16
3
Module 7.16 Review
a. Describe the acetabulum.
b. Which three bones fuse to make up a hip
bone?
c. When you are seated, which part of the hip
bone bears your body’s weight?
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The structures of the pelvis
Pelvis: two hip bones, sacrum,
and coccyx
Hip Bone
Sacrum
Ilium
Coccyx
Pubis
Ischium
L5
Iliac crest
Iliac
fossa
Ilium
Sacrum
Sacro-iliac joint
Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle
Obturator foramen
Ischium
Pubic symphysis
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.17
1
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
•
Skeleton of lower limb consists of:
•
Femur (thigh)
•
Patella (kneecap)
•
Tibia and fibula (leg)
•
•
•
Connected with interosseus membrane
Metatarsal bones and phalanges (foot)
Same number of bones as upper limb
•
Functional anatomy is different due to weightbearing properties
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Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
•
Femur
•
Longest and heaviest bone in body
•
Articulates with hip at hip joint
•
Articulates with tibia at knee joint
•
Characteristics
•
Femoral head
•
Articulates with pelvis at acetabulum
•
Fovea capitis
•
•
Small pit containing ligament attaching head to
acetabulum
Neck
•
Joins shaft at about 125°
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Landmarks of the right femur
Fovea capitis
Neck
Greater trochanter
Greater
trochanter
Femoral head
Intertrochanteric
crest
Gluteal tuberosity
Intertrochanteric line
Anterior
view
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Posterior
view
Shaft
Lateral supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal surface
Adductor tubercle
Patellar surface
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial epicondyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.18
1
-
2
•
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
Femur (continued)
•
Characteristics
•
•
Greater trochanter
•
Large, rough projection that extends laterally
•
Attachment site for large tendons
Lesser trochanter
•
Smaller process that projects posteriorly and mediall
Linea aspera (aspera, rough)
Attachment of powerful hip muscles
Popliteal surface (poples, hollow of knee)
Flattened triangular area on posterior
Medial and lateral condyles
Participate in knee joint at distal end
Separated by:
Patellar surface (anterior)
Intercondylar fossa (posterior)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Landmarks of the right femur
Fovea capitis
Neck
Greater trochanter
Greater
trochanter
Femoral head
Intertrochanteric
crest
Gluteal tuberosity
Intertrochanteric line
Anterior
view
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Posterior
view
Shaft
Lateral supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal surface
Adductor tubercle
Patellar surface
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial epicondyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.18
1
-
2
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
•
Patella
•
Large sesamoid bone that forms in quadriceps
tendon
•
Characteristics
•
Base
•
•
Apex
•
•
Attachment of patellar ligament (patella to tibia)
Lateral facet
•
•
Attachment of quadriceps tendon
For lateral condyle of femur
Medial facet
•
For medial condyle of femur
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The surface features of the patella
Base
of patella
Attachment
area for
quadriceps
tendon
Lateral facet, for
lateral condyle
of femur
Medial facet, for medial
condyle of femur
Attachment area for
the patellar ligament,
which attaches the
patella to the tibia
Apex
of patella
Anterior view
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Articular surface
of patella
Posterior view
Figure 7.18
3
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
•
Tibia (shinbone)
•
Large medial bone of leg
•
Characteristics
•
Intercondylar eminence
•
•
Tibial tuberosity
•
•
Ridge separating lateral and medial tibial condyles
Attachment of patellar ligament
Medial malleolus (malleolus, hammer)
•
Medial projection of ankle that supports joint
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
•
Fibula
•
Attachment of muscles that move foot and
toes
•
Provides lateral stability to ankle joint
•
Characteristics
•
Head
•
•
Articulates with tibia proximally
Lateral malleolus
•
Provides lateral stability to ankle joint
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The features of the right tibia and fibula
Superior
tibiofibular joint
Articular surface of
medial tibial condyle
Intercondylar eminence
Lateral tibial condyle
Articular surface of
lateral tibial condyle
Medial tibial condyle
Head of the fibula
Lateral tibial condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Head of fibula
Interosseous membrane
Anterior
view
Posterior
view
Anterior margin
of the tibia
Tibia
Fibula
Fibula
Medial malleolus
of the tibia
Lateral malleolus
of the fibula
Lateral malleolus
(fibula)
Inferior
articular surface
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior tibiofibular
joint
Figure 7.18
4
Module 7.18 Review
a. Identify the bones of the lower limb.
b. Which structure articulates with the
acetabulum?
c. The fibula neither participates in the knee joint
nor bears weight. Yet, when it is fractured,
walking becomes difficult. Why?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.19: Tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges
•
Tarsals (7 bones)
1. Calcaneus (heel bone)
•
Largest of tarsal bones
•
Most weight transmitted from tibia to ground
through it
•
Posterior portion is attachment site for calcaneal
tendon (Achilles tendon)
2. Talus
•
Transmits weight from tibia toward toes
•
Trochlea of talus bone forms articulation between
tibia and talus
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.19: Tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges
•
Tarsals (continued)
3. Navicular
•
Articulates with talus and three cuneiform bones
4. Cuboid
•
Articulates with anterior surface of calcaneus
5–7. Cuneiform bones
•
Medial, intermediate, lateral
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.19: Tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges
•
Metatarsals
•
Articulate with distal surfaces of cuboid and cuneiforms and
phalanges
•
Form distal portion of foot
•
Identified by Roman numerals I–V from medial to lateral
•
•
I–III articulate with cuneiform bones
•
IV & V articulate with cuboid
Phalanges (toe bones)
•
Same anatomical organization as fingers (14 bones)
•
Hallux (great toe) has two bones (proximal and distal)
•
All other toes have three bones (proximal, middle, distal)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The bones of the ankle and foot
The Ankle (Tarsus)
The ankle consists of seven
tarsal bones.
Calcaneus
Talus
Trochlea
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiform bones
Metatarsals
Articulations of the cuboid and the
cuneiform bones with the metatarsal
bones
V
IV
III
II
I
Metatarsal bones (designated I–V)
Proximal phalanx
Phalanges
Distal phalanx
Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges
Hallux
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.19
1
Module 7.19: Tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges
•
Arches of the foot
•
Longitudinal arch
•
Transfers weight between toes and calcaneus
•
Present because of ligaments and tendons
connecting calcaneus to distal portions of
metatarsals
•
Lateral (calcaneal) portion has much less curvature
than medial (talar) portion
•
Therefore, medial plantar surface elevated to allow passage
of inferior surface muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
•
Creates transverse arch
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A lateral view of the right ankle and foot
Lateral surface
of the trochlea
Cuboid
bone
Navicular Cuneiform Metatarsal
bones
bone
bones (I–V)
Phalanges
Lateral
view
I
II
Attachment site for
the calcaneal tendon
(Achilles tendon)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
III
IV
V
Figure 7.19
2
A medial view of the right ankle and foot
Phalanges
Medial
Navicular
cuneiform
bone
bone
Metatarsal
bones
Talus
Medial
view
I
Calcaneus
Longitudinal arch
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Transverse arch
Figure 7.19
2
Module 7.19 Review
a. Identify the tarsal bones.
b. Which foot bone transmits the weight of the
body from the tibia toward the toes?
c. While jumping off the back steps at his house,
10-year-old Joey lands on his right heel and
breaks his foot. Which foot bone is most likely
broken?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.