Transcript Revision ppt

Food miles
A measure of the distance that food travels
from its source to the consumer. This can be
given either in units of actual distance or of
energy consumed during transport.
Jack Andraka
HALE
Health-adjusted life expectancy, based on life expectancy at birth but
including an adjustment for time spent in poor health (due to disease
and/or injury). It is the equivalent number of years in full health that
a newborn can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and
mortality.
Transnational corporation
(TNC)
A firm that owns or controls productive
operations in more than one
country through foreign direct
investment.
1. Health
Ecumene: Health and Disease
Powerpoints
Variations in health
Describe the variations in health as reflected by changes
in life expectancy at national and global scales since 1950.
Explain the patterns and trends in terms of differences in
income and lifestyle.
It is important that you can describe
relationships between variables by
comparing their global pattern on a
map, analysing trends on a line or bar
graph and describing the strength of
the relationship by interpreting a
scatter graph or correlation
coefficient such as the Spearman
rank.
Measuring health
Evaluate life expectancy, infant mortality rate (IMR) and
child mortality, HALE (health-adjusted life expectancy),
calorie intake, access to safe water and access to health
services as indicators of health.
The command term “evaluate”
means you should explain how well
each of these measures indicate the
well-being of a specific population.
You should learn statistics for two
countries at contrasting levels of
development for each of the
indicators listed.
Life
expectancy at
birth
Infant
mortality
rate (out of
1000 live
births)
Child
mortality
(2011)
HALE
(2002)
Calorie
intake
(2005-7)
Access to
safe water
Access to
health
services
(hospital
beds)
Zambia
52
69/1000
83/1000
35
1890
61%
2/1000
Norway
80
5/1000
3/1000
72
3460
100%
3/1000
You should refer to the following factors:
How accurate is the data that is used, and how is it collected ?
Can you make comparisons between indicators ?
What is the data not telling us about the links with health?
Is each indicator actually measuring health or is it a factor that can be said to affect
health? (these data are called proxy data)
Measuring Mortality
Life Expectancy
It is an AVERAGE.
Pollution levels, conflict, occupation, shelter, food,
medical facilities, income, literacy.
You can split the total population into different groups
(cohorts) to compare some of these differences within
a population.
Rich v poor, urban v rural, male v female, ethnic
groups, age groups.
Life expectancy figures can be affected by high IMR. If
you survive infancy you could live much longer than
the life expectancy figures suggest.
UGANDA
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 53 years
Total fertility rate:
6.65 children born/woman (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2
UGANDA
Age structure:
0-14 years: 49.9%
15-64 years: 48.1%
65 years and over: 2.1%
Median age:
total: 15 years
Prevention relative to
treatment
Discuss the geographic factors that
determine the relative emphasis placed by
policy-makers, in one country or region, on
prevention as opposed to treatment of
disease.
Guizhou Province
Majiang County, China
Curative health care needs large numbers of hospitals, doctors,
medicines and facilities.
Money is saved by keeping people well (this enables them to work
productively, feel better and not be a drain on government
spending by being in hospital).
Amity Foundation - 100 new clinics – lowest incidence of HIV/AIDs
of all counties in China
2. Food
Ecumene: Food powerpoints
Global availability of
food
Identify global patterns of calorie
intake as one measure
of food availability.
Global calorie intake
Ranges from 1500 in Afghanistan per day to 3700 in the
USA.
NICs such as India and China have rising calorie intakes.
Calorie intake is not reliable as an indicator of well-being
and diet.
It does not take nutrient consumption into account.
Nor is it linked to the calorie requirements in the different
places.
Distinguish between malnutrition,
temporary hunger,
chronic hunger and famine.
Malnutrition – a state of poor nutrition, resulting from a
deficiency or imbalance of proteins, energy (marasmus) and minerals
(kwashiorkor). (Excess of calories/energy → obesity).
Temporary hunger – a state of extreme hunger, resulting
from lack of food over a prolonged period of time.
Chronic hunger -
hunger occurring over a long period of time.
(People who are chronically hungry are undernourished. They don’t eat
enough to get the energy they need to lead active lives. Their
undernourishment makes it hard to study, work or otherwise perform
physical activities. Undernourishment is particularly harmful for women and
children. Undernourished children do not grow as quickly as healthy
children. Mentally, they may develop more slowly. Constant hunger weakens
the immune system and makes them more vulnerable to diseases and
infections. Mothers living with constant hunger often give birth to
underweight and weak babies, and are themselves facing increased risk of
death).
Famine – an extreme shortage of food, resulting in mortality.
Famine can occur where food is available, but people lack the means
to buy it.
Discuss the concept of food security.
Definition from the UN Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO):
“Food security exists when all
people, at all times, have access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food to
meet their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy
life”.
Areas of food
sufficiency and
deficiency
Explain how changes in agricultural systems, scientific
and technological innovations, the expansion of the area
under agriculture and the growth of agribusiness have
increased the availability of food in some areas, starting
with the Green Revolution and continuing since.
In spite of the gloomy predictions of
Malthus and his followers, the neoMalthusians, world food production
has managed to keep pace with
population growth. This has been
achieved by the adoption of new
technology, which enables farmers
to increase output per hectare as
well as putting more land under
cultivation.
Ways of increasing food output:
• Genetically engineered high-yielding varieties
(HYVs) of staple crops
• Artificial fertilizers
• Pesticides
• Irrigation
• Large scale of operations
• Biotechnology (like Monsanto’s seeds)
Mexico
The Green Revolution allowed more
food to be grown, but did not benefit
all.
Examine the environmental, demographic,
political, social and economic factors that
have caused areas of food
deficiency and food insecurity.
See the table produced by Olivia/Sam
Areas of food deficiency
Soaring oil and energy prices
Rising demand
Natural hazards
Biofuels
Underinvestment in agriculture
Speculative trading in agricultural commodities
Climate change
(from population growth)
(are competing with arable land)
over many years
Case study
Examine the variety of causes
responsible for a recent
famine.
Ethiopia’s silent famine 2009-10
Pages 264-265 in Geography Course
Companion
Production and
markets
Examine the impacts at a variety of scales of trade
barriers, agricultural subsidies, bilateral and multilateral
agreements, and transnational corporations (TNCs) on the
production and availability of food.
Jamaica/Ethiopia films
Norske bønder på støtte-toppen
EU proposes punitive duties on
Chinese solar panels
The European Commission has proposed the introduction of punitive duties on nearly
50 percent of imported Chinese solar panels
The European Commission has proposed the introduction of punitive duties on nearly
50 percent of imported Chinese solar panels, according to an EU source.
According to the source, the proposal for a punitive tax of about 47 percent has been
sent to the European countries to see if they support the proposal.
A decision is expected to be announced on 5th June. ProSun, which is the association of
European manufacturers of solar panels, has tried to get the EU to impose punitive
duties against competitors in China.
The mean production subsidized by the Chinese government and the solar panels are
underpriced. ProSuns leader Milan Nitzschke said a few weeks ago that dumping is a
fundamental problem in the European solmarkedet.
Source: NTB scanpix
Trade barriers in favour of MEDCs
Addressing imbalances
Evaluate the relative importance of food
aid, free trade
and fair trade in alleviating food
shortages.
You should compare the extent to
which each of these three
approaches help to avert or alleviate
food shortages. Do not simply
describe and explain. You must rate
these approaches according to their
effectiveness.
Instead of food aid, many economists
and NGOs have pointed to trade as
the best way to alleviate poverty and
hunger in LEDCs.
The problem is that trade is not
always regulated and does not
always benefit all parties involved
equally.
Pages 124-125 in IB Study Guide
Sustainable agriculture
Examine the concept of sustainable
agriculture in terms
of energy efficiency ratios and
sustainable yields.
Many modern industrialized
agricultural systems have high energy
inputs relative to their outputs, so
such systems are energy inefficient
and non-sustainable. You will need to
give examples of energy ratios for a
variety of agricultural systems.
Sustainability is achieved through
conserving natural resources and
minimizing pollution in order to
maintain food yields for the future.
Examine the concept of food miles as
an indicator of
environmental impact.
You should define the concept of
food miles
(A measure of the distance that food travels from its source to the
consumer. This can be given either in units of actual distance or of
, then give examples of
different foods and how their place
of origin, mode of transfer and
distance to their destination affect
their food miles rating.
energy consumed during transport)
3. Disease
Global patterns of
disease
Explain the global distribution of
diseases of affluence.
Geography All the Way
Explain the global distribution of
diseases of poverty.
The chance of an individual succumbing to disease is affected by a range
of factors, which will depend on where they live, their age, their social
circumstances, their lifestyle and other environmental factors. Many of
these are affected by social inequality. A recent report in the UK linked
the incidence of cancer very strongly with lifestyle.
Explain the global distribution of diseases of poverty
What is meant by a disease of poverty? Diseases of poverty tend to be
transmitted through close human contact due to the living conditions of
people in areas like shanty towns, or vectors, such as insects. They are
not completely confined to people living in poverty, but are more likely
to be experienced by them. It is also important to bear in mind that
there are different levels of poverty.
The spread of disease
Explain how the geographic concepts of diffusion by
relocation and by expansion apply to the spread of
diseases.
Examine the application of the concept of
barriers in attempts to limit the spread of diseases.
Describe the factors that have enabled reduction in
incidence of a disease.
Diffusion is the method by which diseases spread.
There are various methods by which diseases spread, and these
contribute to the overall risk factors for different populations.
There is a reducing effect with distance from the original outbreak, and
also a time delay. Diseases tend to spread like a ‘wave’ from the central
point.
Factors that slow down the spread of disease include physical barriers
(these might include mountains, water barriers such as seas or oceans,
forests and difficult terrain) plus political boundaries. Travel restrictions
and screening of travellers can form part of these more ‘human’ barriers.
Public health advice can also help in some cases.
Disease will also change from an original infusion into a population,
through inflection and saturation, before it declines and leaves a
population.
There are 4 main methods of diffusion:
EXPANSION - the disease has a source and diffuses outwards into new
areas from this original point
RELOCATION - the spreading disease moves into new areas, leaving
behind its source (often the result of global travel by an infected person)
CONTAGIOUS - the spread of an infectious disease through direct contact
with the affected individuals
HIERARCHICAL - the spread of a disease from place to place in an orderly
way e.g. from cities, to neighbouring villages, or vice versa
There may also be NETWORK diffusion, which follows land-based transport
networks e.g. road and rail.
There are some cases of malaria in the UK every year for example, and
most of those are close to airports. Mosquitoes survive in the plane just
long enough to bite someone when they leave. Climate change may allow
them to survive longer of course.
Geographic factors and
impacts
Examine the geographic factors responsible for the
incidence and spread of two diseases
(malaria and AIDS).
Pages 129-130 in IB Study Guide
Evaluate the geographic impact of these
two diseases at
the local, national and international scales.
Pages 277-279 in the IB Course Companion.
Evaluate the management strategies
that have been applied in any one
country or region for one of these
diseases.
Kenya - Malaria
Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy (DALE) summarizes the expected number of years to be lived in
what might be termed the equivalent of "full health." To calculate DALE, the years of ill-health are
weighted according to severity and subtracted from the expected overall life expectancy to give the
equivalent years of healthy life.
The HALE is based on life expectancy at birth
but includes an adjustment for time spent in
poor health. It is most easily understood as the
equivalent number of years in full health that a
newborn can expect to live, based on current
rates of ill health and mortality.