Transcript AP PSYCH final chapter 14 powerpoint (2)

Chapter 14: Abnormal
Maya Strauss, Jacquelyn
Eisen
Psychological Disorders
 Four life events that would cause
depression:
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You
You
You
You
think that nobody likes you
think you’re ugly
don’t like yourself
aren’t worth being with
Psychological Disorders
 Worldwide:
 450 million people suffer from
mental or behavioral disorders
 These behaviors account for
15.4% of the years of life lost
due to death or disability
Psychological Disorders
 Most common throughout
societies:
 Depression
 Schizophrenia
Psychological Disorders
 Psychological Disorder
 Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional
behavior patterns
 A “harmful dysfunction” in which
behavior is judged to be:
 atypical--not enough in itself
 disturbing--varies with time and
culture
 maladaptive--harmful
 unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a
good reason
Psychological Disorders
 ADHD
 Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder)
 A psychological disorder marked by the
appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key
symptoms:
 Extreme inattention
 Hyperactivity
 Impulsivity
Psychological Disorders
 ADHD:
 More common in boys than in girls
(three times more common)
 In the decade after 1987, the
proportion of American children
being treated for ADHS nearly
quadrupled.
 It is a real neurobiological disorder
whose existence should no longer be
debated
Psychological Disorders
 ADHD:
 It is heritable
 It is treatable with nonaddictive medications
such as:
 Ritalin and Adderall
Psychological Disorders
 ADHD:
 ADHD children’s brain maturation was normal
but lagged by about three years, with
delayed thinning, or pruning, of the frontal
cerebral cortex. Hyperactive kids nature into
normal teens.
Psychological Disorders
 Philippe Pinel:
 He insisted that madness is not demon
possession but a sickness of the mind caused
by severe stressed and inhumane conditions.
Psychological Disorders
 Medical Model
 concept that diseases have
physical causes
 can be diagnosed, treated, and in
most cases, cured
 assumes that these “mental”
illnesses can be diagnosed on the
basis of their symptoms and
cured through therapy, which
may include treatment in a
Psychological Disorders
 Why can’t we simply say someone is
mentally ill?
 By saying someone is mentally ill, it attributes
the condition to a “sickness” that must be
found and cured
Psychological Disorders
 Susto:
 A condition marked by severe anxiety,
restlessness and a fear of black magic
Psychological Disorders
 Taijin-Kyofusho:
 Social anxiety about ones
appearance combined with a
readiness to blush and a
fear of eye contact (appears
in Japan)
Psychological Disorders
 Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
 assumes that biological, sociocultural,
and psychological factors combine and
interact to produce psychological
disorders
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders
 APA
 American Psychiatric Association
Psychological Disorders
 DSM-IV
 American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)
 a widely used system for classifying
psychological disorders
 presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR
(text revision)
 Main goal: Explain the causes,
however, it describes the disorder
too
Psychological Disorders
 Criticism of the DSM
 It casts too wide a net and brings “almost
any kind of behavior within the compass of
psychiatry”
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders
 What do labels do?
 They create
preconceptions that
guide our perceptions
and interpretations
 Example:
 Someone who was led to
think that you are nasty
may treat you coldly,
leading you to respond
as a mean-spirited
person would.
Psychological Disorders
 Most people with
psychological disorders
are not violent
 16% of inmates have
severe mental disorders
Anxiety Disorders
 Times with most anxiety:
 Peering down from a ledge
 Waiting to play a big game
 Speaking in front of a class
Anxiety Disorders
 Anxiety Disorders
 distressing, persistent anxiety or
maladaptive behaviors that reduce
anxiety
Anxiety Disorders
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
 person is tense, apprehensive, and in a
state of autonomic nervous system
arousal
Anxiety Disorders
 Generalized Anxiety disorder:
 2/3 woman have this disorder
 Dizziness, sweating palms, heart
palpitations, ringing in ears,
shaking
Anxiety Disorders
 Freud would define generalized anxiety disorder
by saying it is distressing, persistent anxiety or
maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Anxiety Disorders
 Panic Disorder
 marked by a minutes-long episode of
intense dread in which a person
experiences terror and accompanying
chest pain, choking, or other frightening
sensation
Anxiety Disorders
 Panic attack
 A minutes long episode of intense fear that
something horrible is about to happen.
 Characteristics:
 Choking
 Sensations
 Trembling
Anxiety Disorders
 Phobia
 persistent, irrational fear of a specific object
or situation
Anxiety Disorders
 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
 unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions)
and/or actions (compulsions)
 2 to 3% of people have OCD
Anxiety Disorders
 Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder
 Person has lingering
memories, nightmares, and
other symptoms for weeks
after a severely threatening,
uncontrollable event
Anxiety Disorders
 Survivors of Post Traumatic Stress:
 Survivors of accidents
 Survivors of disasters
 Survivors of violent and sexual assaults
Anxiety Disorders
 19% of Vietnam veterans
reported having post
traumatic stress disorder
 Post traumatic stress
disorder doubled for
survivors who were inside
rather than outside the
World Trade Center during
9/11
Anxiety Disorders
 A sensitive limbic system seems to
increase vulnerability, by flooding the
body with stress hormones again and
again as images of the traumatic
experience erupt into consciousness
Anxiety Disorders
 Psychologists believe the
cases of PTSD is over
diagnosed
 They believe its over
diagnosed because of
partly the broadening
definition of trauma
(which originally meant
direct exposure to
threatened death or
serious injury, as during
combat or rape)
Anxiety Disorders
 Survivor Resiliency
 Those who do not develop PTSD.
Anxiety Disorders
 Characteristics of Holocaust
survivors
 Greater-than-usual sensitivity
to suffering and empathy for
others who suffer
 An increased sense of
responsibility
 An enlarged capacity for
caring
Anxiety Disorders
 Common and uncommon fears
Anxiety Disorders
 PET Scan of brain of
person with Obsessive/
Compulsive disorder
 High metabolic activity
(red) in frontal lobe
areas involved with
directing attention
Anxiety Disorders
 Smokers have at least a doubled risk of
panic disorder
Anxiety Disorders
 Social Phobia
 Shyness taken to an
extreme
Anxiety Disorders
 Agoraphobia
 Fear or avoidance of situations
in which escape might be
difficult or help unavailable
when panic strikes.
 Given such fear, people may
avoid being outside the home, in
a crowd, on a bus or on an
elevator
Anxiety Disorders
 Post Traumatic Growth
 Positive psychological changes as a result of
struggling with extremely challenging
circumstances and life crises
Anxiety Disorders
 Religions showing that suffering has
transformative power:
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Judaism
Christianity
Hinduism
Buddhism
Islam
Anxiety Disorders
 Psychoanalytic theory regarding anxiety:
 He proposed that beginning in childhood,
people repress intolerable impulses, ideas and
feelings that this submerged mental energy
sometimes produces mystifying symptoms,
such as anxiety
Anxiety Disorders
 Stimulus
Generalization:
 Example: Occurs when
a person attacked by a
fierce dog later
develops a fear of all
dogs
Anxiety Disorders
 Reinforcement:
 Helps maintain our phobias and compulsions
after they arise
 Example: For a shy person giving a public
speech, reinforcement would be the
audience’s applause
Anxiety Disorders
 We are biologically prepared to fear
threats faced by our ancestors and certain
fears are genetic and passed on by our
parents
Anxiety Disorders
 Fears due to natural selection:
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Spiders
Snakes
Close spaces
Heights
Storms
Darkness
Anxiety Disorders
 A fear of flying may come from our
biological predispositions to fear
confinement and heights
Anxiety Disorders
 Relationship between
anxiety gene, serotonin,
glutamate
 Anxiety gene affects brain
levels of serotonin, a
neurotransmitter that
influences sleep and mood. IT
also regulates glutamate,
another neurotransmitter.
Anxiety Disorders
 fMRI:
 Showed elevated activity in the anterior
cingulate cortex in the rains frontal area of
those with OCD
Somatoform Disorders
 Somatoform Disorder
 A psychological disorder in which
the symptoms take a somatic
(bodily) form without apparent
physical cause
Somatoform Disorders:
 In china, people less often express the
emotional aspects of distress.
 Chinese are more sensitive to- and are
more willing to report- the physical
symptoms of their distress
Somatoform Disorders
 Conversion Disorder
 A rare somatoform disorder in which a person
experiences very specific genuine physical
symptoms for which no psychological basis
can be found
Somatoform Disorders
 Hypochondriasis
 A somatoform disorder in which a person
interprets normal physical sensations as
symptoms of a disease
Dissociative Disorders
 Dissociative Disorder
 Disorders in which
conscious awareness
becomes separated
(dissociated) from
previous memories,
thoughts, and feelings
Dissociative Disorders
 Freud would have viewed this as
repression and forgetting things you don’t
want to remember
Dissociative Disorders
 Dissociate
 To become separated
 Is dissociation rare?
 No, not so rare
Dissociative Disorders
 Dissociative Identity Disorder:
 A rare dissociative disorder in which a person
exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
personalities.
 Formerly called multiple personality disorder
Dissociative Disorders
 Spanos wondered if
dissociative identities was
simply a more extreme
version of our capacity to
vary the “selves” we
present
Dissociative Disorders
 Dissociative Identity Disorder is
over diagnosed
 Here is a part of you that you cant
control
 There’s no name for it
 You do things you don’t do in
public
 Everyone acts differently
depending on who they’re talking
to
Dissociative Disorders
 Psychoanalysts vs. Learning theorists:
 Psychoanalysts see them as defenses against the
anxiety caused by the eruption of inacceptable
impulses. Learning theorists see dissociative disorders
as behaviors reinforced by anxiety reduction
Mood Disorders
 Mood Disorders
 Characterized by emotional extremes
Mood Disorders
 Depression symptoms are most common
in the winter
Mood Disorders
 Depression symptoms:
 Discouraged about the future
 Dissatisfied with your life
 Socially isolated
Mood Disorders
 Depression is a serious issue:
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12% of canadian adults
13% of US adults
Leading cause of disability worldwide
5.8% of men
9.5% of women
Mood DisordersDepression
Mood Disorders
 Anxiety vs. Depressed mood:
 Anxiety is a response to the threat of future
loss, depressed mood is often a response to
past and current loss
Mood Disorders
 One in four people diagnosed with depression is simply
struggling with the normal emotional impact of a
significant loss, such as a loved ones death, a ruptured
marriage, a lost job
Mood Disorders
 Major Depressive Disorder
 a mood disorder in which a person, for no
apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks
of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness,
and diminished interest or pleasure in most
activities
Mood Disorders
 Mania
 A mood disorder marked by a
hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
Mood Disorders
 Bipolar Disorder
 A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the
hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited
state of mania
 Formerly called manic-depressive disorder
Mood DisordersBipolar
 PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with emotional switches
Depressed state
Manic state
Depressed state
Mood Disorders
 3 characteristics of Mania:
 Over talkative
 Overactive
 Elated
Mood Disorders
 Reading quickly
 Pronin and Wagner’s study:
 Those who had just raced
through the material reported
feeling happier, more
powerful, more energetic and
more creative
 A racing mind arouses an
upbeat mood
Mood Disorders
 Major Depressive Disorder is more
common than bipolar disorder
Mood Disorders
 Bipolar disorder is more dysfunctional, claiming
twice as many lost workdays yearly
 It afflicts men and women about equally
Mood Disorders
 Negative outcomes of depression
 My team will loose
 My grades will fail
 My love will fail
Mood Disorders
 Factors that put people at risk for
depression:
 Genetic predispositions
 Child abuse
 Marital problems
Mood Disorders
 Women internalize:
 Depression
 Anxiety
 Inhibited sexual desire
Mood Disorders
 Men externalize depression:
 Alcohol abuse
 Antisocial conduct
 Lack of impulse control
Mood Disorders
 Men tend to get madder
 Women tend to get sadder
Mood Disorders
 Therapy speeds
recovery, but people
suffering from
depression will return to
normal eventually
without professional
help
Mood Disorders
 Stressful events that precede depression:
 Stressful events related to work,
 Marriage,
 And close friends
Mood Disorders
 Depression often occurs when significant
losses, such as the breakup of a current
romantic relationship, evoke feelings
associated with losses experienced in
childhood
Mood Disorders
 The risk of major depression and bipolar
disorder increases if you have a parent or
sibling with the disorder
Mood Disorders
 Linkage Analysis
 To tease out the
genes that put people
at risk for depression
 It points us to a
chromosome
neighborhood
Mood Disorders-Suicide
 How many people commit suicide each
year?
 1 million people!
Mood DisordersSuicide
Mood Disorders-Suicide
 Whites are twice as likely to kill
themselves than Blacks
 Women are much more likely than men to
attempt suicide
Mood Disorders
 Suicide rates are much higher among the rich,
nonreligious, single, widowed, divorced
 Gay and Lesbian youth more often suffer distress
and attempt suicide than do their heterosexual
peers
Mood Disorders
 The left frontal lobe, which is active
during positive emotions, is less likely to
be inactive during depressed states
Mood Disorders
 The hippocampus is linked to the brains
emotional circuitry
Mood Disorders
 Neurotransmitters that play a role in
mood disorders:
 Norepinephrine
 Serotonin
Mood Disorders
 People who have a history of depression have a
history of habitual smoking
 This may indicate an attempt to self-medicate with
inhaled nicotine, which can temporarily increase
norepinephrine and boost mood
Mood Disorders
 Drugs that relieve depression:
 Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil
 They increase norepinephrine or serotonin
supplies by blocking either their reuptakes or
their chemical breakdowns
Mood Disorders
 Repetitive physical
exercise, such as jogging,
reduces depression as it
increases serotonin
Mood Disorders
 Learned Helplessness
 The hopelessness and passive resignation an
animal or human learns when unable to avoid
repeated aversive events
Mood Disorders
 Learned helplessness is more common in
women
Mood Disorders
 Being overwhelmed
by all you have to do
in college:
 38% of women
 17% of men
Mood Disorders
 Men cope with stress:
 Sports
 Watching TV
 Partying
 Possibly avoiding overwhelming activities
Mood Disorders
 Women cope with stress:
 Overthink
 Ruminate
Mood Disorders
 We are more likely to blame the teacher if
we do bad in their class or on a test
Mood Disorders
 Breaking up
with a
romantic
partner:
Mood Disorders
 Non-western countries show lower rates
of depression:
 They have less self blame over failure
 Major depression is less common
Mood Disorders
 MIND OVER MATTER
 If you start thinking optimistically, you will
start acting that way
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
 1 in every 100 people develop
schizophrenia
 24 million people have it currently
Schizophrenia
 Schizophrenia
 literal translation “split mind”
 a group of severe disorders characterized by:
 disorganized and delusional thinking
 disturbed perceptions
 inappropriate emotions and actions
Schizophrenia
 Delusions
 false beliefs, often
of persecution or
grandeur, that may
accompany
psychotic disorders
Schizophrenia
 Characteristics of those with paranoid
tendencies:
 They’re prone to delusions of persecution
Schizophrenia
 Word salad:
 Even within sentences, jumbled ideas may
create what is called “word salad”
Schizophrenia
 Hallucinations
 sensory experiences without sensory
stimulation
Schizophrenia
 Most common type of hallucinations
 Auditory
Schizophrenia
 Flat effect:
 Emotionless state
 Catatonia:
 Remain motionless for hours then become
agitated
Schizophrenia
 When do people develop schizophrenia?
 It hits as young people are maturing into
adulthood
 Who does it affect?
 Both males and females
Schizophrenia
 Men:
 Men tend to be struck earlier, more severely,
more often. Men develop it 4 years earlier
Schizophrenia
 Positive symptoms:
 Hallucination, talk in disorganized
and deluded ways, exhibit
inappropriate laughter, tears, or
rage
Schizophrenia
 Negative symptoms:
 Toneless voices, expressionless faces, mute and
rigid bodies
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
 **Schizophrenia is the most researched
disorder**
Schizophrenia
 Dopamine over activity:
 Such high levels may intensify brain signals in
schizophrenia. There is a six-fold excess for
the D4 dopamine receptor. Dopamine over
activity may underlie patients overreactions to
irrelevant external and internal stimuli.
Schizophrenia
 PET scans:
 When people heard a voice or
saw something, their brain
became vigorously active in
several lobe regions, studies
have found fluid-filled areas and
a corresponding shrinkage of
cerebral tissue in people with
schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia
 Viruses during midpregnancy contribute to
schizophrenia:
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1. Flu epidemic in their country happened in the middle of their fetal development
People born in densely populated areas-viral disease spread more readily
Those born during the winter and spring months-after winter flu-season
Southern hemisphere-seasons are the reverse of the schizophrenia births similarily
reversed
Mothers who report being sick with influenza during pregnancy
Blood drawn from pregnant women who’s offspring developed schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
 It becomes 1 in 10 if
their parents or
sibling has
schizophrenia
 1 in 2 if the identical
twin has it
Schizophrenia
 The genetic link is real
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
 2 questions about schizophrenia:
 If they’re at risk for this, are they at risk for
other things?
 Might they take their egg and sperm to a
genetics lab for screening before combining
them to produce an embryo.
Schizophrenia
 Warning signs:
 Mother who had it
 Birth complications
 Separation from parents
 Short attention span, poor muscle coordination
 Disruptive or withdrawn behavior
 Emotional unpredictability
 Poor peer relations and solo play
Personality Disorders
 Personality Disorders
 Disorders characterized by
inflexible and enduring
behavior patterns that
impair social functioning
 usually without anxiety,
depression, or delusions
Schizophrenia
 Avoidant personality disorder:
 Expresses anxiety, fearful sensitivity to
rejection that predisposes the withdrawn
avoidant personality disorder
Personality Disorders
 Schizoid personality disorder
 Expresses eccentric behaviors, such as the
emotionless engagement
Personality Disorders
 Histrionic personality disorder:
 Exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors such
as the attention-getting
Personality Disorders
 Narcissistic personality disorder:
 Self focused, self inflating
Personality Disorders
 Antisocial Personality Disorder
 disorder in which the person (usually
man) exhibits a lack of conscience for
wrongdoing, even toward friends and
family members
 may be aggressive and ruthless or a
clever con artist
Personality Disorders
 Characteristics of antisocial personality
disorder
 Begins to lie, steal, fight, display unrestrained
sexual behavior
Personality Disorders
 The antisocial personality expresses little
regret over violating others rights
Personality Disorders
 It can be diagnosed as early as ages 3-6
Personality Disorders
 Characteristics of these kids:
 Impulsive, uninhibited, unconcerned with
social rewards, low in anxiety
Mood DisordersDepression
 Boys who
were later
convicted of
a crime
showed
relatively low
arousal
Personality Disorders
 PET scans illustrate reduced activation in
a murderer’s frontal cortex
Normal
Murderer
Personality Disorders
 The average American in 1995 is 4 times
as likely to report being raped, 4 times as
likely to report being robbed and five
times as likely to report being assulted
than in 1960.
Personality Disorders
Rates of Psychological
Disorders
 What percentages of Americans suffer
from a diagnosable mental disorder in any
given year?
 26% of adult Americans
Rates of Psychological
Disorders
 United States has the most mental
disorders and Shanghai has the least
Rates of Psychological
Disorders
Rates of Psychological
Disorders
 Children who’s families had moved above
the poverty line exhibited a 40% decrease
in the behavior problems, while those who
continued in their previous positions
below or above the poverty line exhibited
no change