Transcript lec #1

Chapter 1
First Aid for Colleges
and Universities
10 Edition
Introduction to
First Aid Care
Slide Presentation prepared by
Randall Benner, M.Ed., NREMT-P
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Objectives
• Identify the need for properly prepared First
Aiders.
• Identify the principal aims of first aid.
• Identify skills performed by a First Aider.
• Understand the legal aspects of first aid and
emergency medical care.
• Explain the factors constituting negligence.
• Understand how infectious diseases are
transmitted.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Objectives
• Understand the infectious diseases of concern in
an emergency setting.
• Describe ways to prevent the spread of
infectious diseases in an emergency setting.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
• First Aiders are the first (trained) people on an
emergency scene who can initiate life-saving
measures, including
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Airway and respiratory intervention
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation
Bleeding control
Special wound care
Stabilization of spinal injuries
Splinting of fractures
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Responsibilities of a first aider:
• Preserve life and provide initial emergency
care and treatment to sick or injured
people
• Protect the unconscious
• Prevent a casualty’s condition from
becoming worse
• Promote the recovery of the casualty.
What is First Aid?
• Temporary and immediate care given to
a person who is injured or who suddenly
becomes ill.
• First aid includes recognizing life-threatening
conditions and taking effective action to keep the
injured or ill person alive and in the best possible
condition until medical treatment can be
obtained.
• A primary principle is to active the EMS
(emergency care system) in all cases of
serious injury.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Principal Aims of First Aid Care
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Recognize life-threatening situations.
Activate the EMS system.
Supply artificial ventilation and circulation.
Control bleeding.
Minimize further injury and complications.
Prevent infection.
Make the victim as comfortable as possible.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
General Procedures
• Basic plan of action
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Observe the scene upon approach.
Keep yourself and others at the scene safe.
Activate the EMS system.
Gain access to the victim, and determine immediate
threats to life.
– Provide basic life support to those whose lives are
threatened; provide care to those most seriously
injured first.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Aspects of First Aid
Identify the fundamental skills performed by
a First Aider:
• Control an accident scene to prevent
further injury
• Gain access to victims in the easiest and
safest ways possible
• Open a victim’s airway
• Perform rescue breathing
• Provide one- and two-rescuer
cardiopulmonary resuscitation and
defibrillation
• Control bleeding by direct pressure,
elevation, pressure points, and tourniquets
• Detect and care for shock
• Detect and care for soft-tissue and internal
injuries
• Perform basic dressing and bandaging
techniques
• Detect and care for open and closed
fractures
• Detect and care for poisoning, including
poisoning by alcohol or drugs
• Detect and care for heart attack, stroke,
diabetic conditions, and seizures
• Detect and care for facial and head
injuries and chest injuries (including
fractured ribs, flail chest, and penetrating
chest wounds)
• Detect and care for superficial, partial- and
full-thickness burns and smoke inhalation
• Detect and care for heat- and cold-related
injuries
• Assist in childbirth and care of the
newborn
• Give psychological support to victims of
crises and disasters
• Perform emergency and nonemergency
moves
Legal aspects
• Understand the legal aspects of first aid
and emergency care, including Duty to
Act, Good Samaritan Laws, ReasonableMan Test, and Right to Refuse Care.
Basically, the First Aider’s duty can be
legally defined as follows:
• The First Aider should not interfere with
the first aid being given by others.
• The First Aider should follow the directions
of a police officer and do what a
reasonable First Aider would do under the
circumstances.
• The First Aider should not force help on a
victim who is unwilling to be treated unless
the situation is life threatening.
• First Aider should not leave the scene or
stop the care until relieved by a qualified
and responsible person who renders care
at the same or a higher level of care.
• The First Aider should follow accepted and
recognized first aid care procedures taught
in first aid texts.
• The First Aider should respect the victim’s
privacy and should not disclose
confidential information.
• Any First Aider involved with a victim at a
crime scene should document and
preserve evidence and should comply with
state laws requiring the reporting of
specific criminal incidents (such as abuse,
rape, and gunshot wounds).
Infectious Disease Transmission
• An infectious (communicable) disease can be
transmitted from person to person, or from
animals or the environment to people.
• All body fluids should be considered potentially
infectious.
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Saliva
Blood
Vaginal secretions
Semen
Amniotic fluid
Fluids that lubricate internal organs, the spine, joints,
and tendons
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Infectious Disease Transmission
• For disease to spread, three things must happen
– Infecting organisms (such as bacteria and viruses)
must survive outside their hosts.
– An infecting organism must then move from one place
to another (i.e., be transmitted).
– An infecting organism must then invade a new host’s
body and multiply there.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Infectious Disease Transmission
• All of the following symptoms should be
considered potentially infectious
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A rash or skin lesion
An open sore
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Coughing or sneezing
Draining or oozing wounds
Headache with a stiff neck
Yellowish skin or eyes
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Infectious Disease Transmission
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Diseases of Concern in an Emergency
Setting
Of greatest concern in emergency settings are
bloodborne pathogens, or diseases that are caused by
microorganisms that are carried in the blood.
• Three bloodborne diseases are of particular
concern.
– Hepatitis B: Most common type of hepatitis; a viral
infection of the liver; symptoms resemble the flu.
– Hepatitis C: Caused by a different virus than
Hepatitis B; can lead to permanent liver damage or
cancer.
– HIV: This virus suppresses the immune system; may
lead to AIDS, which is eventually fatal.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Diseases of Concern in an Emergency
Setting
• Other diseases of concern include
– Herpes: Highly contagious infection of the skin and
mucous membranes.
– Tuberculosis: Severe lung infection.
– Meningitis: Infection of the membranes in the brain
and spinal cord.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Protection from Infection
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Keep immunizations current.
Take body substance isolation precautions.
Wash hands thoroughly after providing care.
Avoid touching your mouth, nose, eyes, or
personal items until after hand washing.
• Cover abrasions with protective clothing or
gloves.
• Wear a mask.
• Seek immediate care
if you’re exposed to blood or body fluids.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
If you are required to clean up spills of blood
or body fluid:
• wear the same protective equipment you would
wear when treating a patient.
• Use paper towels or absorbent wipes to pick up
all visible fluids.
• Use a 1:100 bleach-to-water solution to clean
the area.
• Allow to air dry.
• Dispose of all cleaning products in a manner
that will not cause additional exposure to others
and as required by local rules.
Safety at the Scene
• Staying safe is your first priority.
• Don’t enter an unsafe situation without proper
training and equipment.
• In addition to activating EMS, you may need to
request specialized personnel to deal with fire,
unstable structures, motor vehicle accidents,
electrical hazards, water emergencies, or
incidents involving hostility and violence.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
• First aid is temporary, immediate care for
a person who is injured or who becomes
suddenly ill.
• It does not replace the care of a physician,
nurse, or paramedic.
• A primary principle is to activate the EMS
system.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
• First Aiders should be able to recognize lifethreatening situations; apply artificial ventilation,
circulation, and defibrillation; control bleeding;
prevent further injury; and minimize
complications.
• Care should always be provided to the most
seriously injured victims first.
• A First Aider should be familiar with and
understand key legal aspects including Duty
to Act, Good Samaritan Laws, Reasonable-Man
Test, and Right to Refuse Care.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
• Infectious diseases are of particular concern in
an emergency setting.
• You should minimize your risk of infection by
following key guidelines including wearing
protective gear, thoroughly washing hands, and
avoiding touching your face or personal items
until after hand washing.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.