Transcript Modes of Production Presentation.ppt

Economies and Their Modes of
Production
The KEY Questions
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What are the characteristics of the five
major modes of production?
What are some directions
of change in the five
modes of production?
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Canada 2004
Modes of Production CrossCulturally
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Look cross-culturally at a society’s way
of producing food and goods
Gather data and categorize societies
according to their mode of production
• These categories blend and overlap
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Examine how a society’s economic
system affects that society’s
perceptions of “culture” and “nature”
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Canada 2004
Modes of Production
Foraging
Horticulture
Pastoralism
Agriculture
Industrialism
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Canada 2004
Summary
Foraging
Horticulture
Pastoralism
Agriculture
Industrialism
Reasons for Production
Production for use
Production for profit
Division of Labour
Family based
Class based
Property Relations
Egalitarian/collective
Stratified/private
Resource Use
Extensive/temporary
Intensive/expanding
Sustainability
High degree
Low degree
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Canada 2004
Foraging
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Based on using food provided by nature
– gathering, fishing, hunting
– emerged at least 300 000 years ago
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Maintains balance between resources
and lifestyle
Relies upon large areas of land and
spatial mobility, e.g. the !Kung.
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Canada 2004
“Man the Hunter” versus
“Woman the Gatherer”
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Many anthropologists emphasized the
role of males as the dominant provider
in foraging groups.
However most everyday food is
gathered by women (Slocum 1975)
– 75-80% among the Ju/wasi
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“Man the Hunter” is an example of male
bias in interpretation
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Canada 2004
Horticulture
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Emerged in the last several thousand
years
The cultivation of domesticated crops in
gardens using hand tools
Crop yields can be great and support
denser populations than foraging
Constrained by time required for
fallowing
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Canada 2004
Horticulture and People
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A family forms the core work group
Gender roles clearly defined
Children work more in horticultural
groups than any other type of economy
– caring for siblings
– fetching water
– hauling fuel
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Canada 2004
Pastoralism
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Based on the domestication of animal
herds and the use of their products
Existed in Europe, Africa and Asia
Provides over 50% of group’s diet
– Pastoralists trade with other groups to
secure food and goods they can’t produce
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Groups move to where there is pasture
Can be highly successful
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Canada 2004
Agriculture
–
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Agriculture
Intensive strategy of production
– more labour, use of fertilizers, control of water
supply, use of animals
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Permanent settlements
3 main types
• family farming
• plantation agriculture
• industrial agriculture
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Canada 2004
Main Types of Agriculture
Family Farming
Plantations
Industrial
•1billion people
are involved in
family farming
•Used to grow tea,
coffee, rubber
•Capital-intensive
•Family based
•Clear gender
roles
•Large families
•More rigid class
distinctions
•Land rights can
be bought or sold
•Concentrated
ownership of land
•Hired labour
•Severe inequality
•Dominant in
former colonies
•Poor social
welfare for
workers
•Uses machines
instead of human
labour
•Used in
industrialized
countries
•Uses more
energy
•Decline of the
family farm
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Canada 2004
Agriculture - a good move?
“Progressive” - Most Euro-Americans
think that agriculture is a major
advance in cultural evolution.
“Revisionist” - agriculture may be “the
worst mistake in the history of the
human race”
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Canada 2004
Industrialism
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The production of goods through mass
employment in business and
commercial operations
Goods produced satisfy consumer
demand
Employment increases in manufacturing
and service sectors
Formal and informal sections
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Canada 2004