Transcript 08 Cold War.ppt

Ch. 12
The Cold War & Post-War Issues
U.S. Occupation of Japan
► Japan devastated by WWII.
► Focus on economic recovery.
► Lost all conquered land.
► MacArthur supervised reconstruction
of Japan’s infrastructure
and creation of new gov’t
based on democratic ideals.
► New constitution for Japan:
1. Only a self-defense force;
2. Limited size of defense force;
3. Forbidden to declare war;
4. Universal suffrage & rights.
U.S. General MacArthur and
Japanese Emperor Hirohito, 1945.
CHINA
Chiang Kai-Shek and
Mao Zedong met to
toast to the Chinese
victory over Japan, but
their shaky alliance was
short-lived.
Mao Zedong (1893-1976) (also Mao
Tse-tung) was a Chinese Marxist military
and political leader, who led the Communist
Party of China (CPC) to victory against the
Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War,
and the People’s Republic of China (PRC)
from its establishment in 1949 until his
death in 1976.
 One of the most important figures in modern world history; still controversial.
 Some regard Mao as a great revolutionary leader; highest expression of Marxism.
 Supporters believe that the rise of China can be attributed to Mao's leadership.
The Great Leap Forward (1958-60) – Economic
and social plan aimed to transform from the
agrarian economy into a modern, industrialized
communist society.
The Cultural Revolution (1966-76) – Period of
chaos which affected every part of China and the
livelihood of the people.
Propaganda poster of the
steel production objective.
"Take steel as the key link,
leap forward in all fields".
Mao greets U.S. President
Richard Nixon (right) on a
China visit in 1972.
 Mao's policies are blamed for causing severe damage to the culture, society,
economy and foreign relations of China, and the deaths of millions of Chinese.
 Cultural Revolution altered the country's moral, historical, and social perceptions.
This propaganda poster shows Mao Zedong as continuing the legacy
set by former Communist leaders.
The United Nations
International
peacekeeping
organization.
 FDR was the “principal
architect” of the UN.
 Goals.
 Successes and failures.

I. The United Nations (UN).
A. Int’l Peacekeeping Org.
1. Replaced League of Nations.
2. General Assembly – 192 nations.
3. Security Council – 5 nations.
4. Geneva Convention – POW’s.
5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The UN’s Charter is based on
the traditions of democracy
and reaffirms basic human
rights, the need for justice,
the rule of law, and desire
for social progress.
Eleanor Roosevelt holding the
“Universal Declaration of
Human Rights” (1948).
The Cold War
The Postwar World Order
II.
The Cold War (no actual fighting).
A. Who: U.S.A. vs. U.S.S.R. (CIA vs. KGB)
B. When: From end of WWII (1945)
to the fall of Berlin Wall (1989).
C. Why: Different ideologies &
mutual distrust.
The Cold War was the period of tension and
competition between the USA and the USSR
and their respective allies. Throughout the
period, the rivalry between the two superpowers
was played out in multiple arenas: military
coalitions; ideology, psychology, and espionage;
military, industrial, and technological
developments, including the space race; costly
defense spending; a massive conventional and
nuclear arms race; and many proxy wars.
Cold War --- Why?


USA & USSR emerged from WWII as world’s two
superpowers.
They became rivals through:
(1) Different ideologies:
communism vs. capitalism.
(2) Mutual distrust:
Russia wanted 2nd front in WWII in 1941
(did not get until 1944 w/ D-Day).
Atom Bomb kept a secret.
League of Nations.
Cold War --- Why?

Communism
Gov’t ownership
 State plans & controls
economy
 Based on “worth”


Capitalism



Private ownership
Private profit
Free competition
 Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social
organization based on common ownership of the means of production.
Understanding World Ideologies
Through Two Cows
Pure Democracy

You have two cows. All your neighbors decide who gets the milk.
Fascism

You have two cows. The government takes both, hires you to
take care of them, and sells you the milk.
Communism

You have two cows. Your neighbors help you take care of them,
and you all share the milk.
Real World Communism

You share two cows with your neighbors. You and your
neighbors bicker about who has the most "ability" and who has
the most "need". Meanwhile, no one works, no one gets any milk,
and the cows drop dead of starvation.
Totalitarianism

You have two cows. The government takes them and denies they
ever existed. Milk is banned.
Eastern Europe
USSR: E.E. is buffer against attacks.
 USA: E.E. is 1st attempt to expand empire.

Why would the U.S.
be afraid of
Communism expanding?
Divisions within postwar
Germany.
Occupation zones after
1945. Berlin is the
multinational area within
the Soviet zone
The Berlin Blockade (June 24, 1948 to May
11, 1949) became one of the first major
crises of the new Cold War.
The Soviet Union blocked access to the
three Western-held sectors of Berlin,
which was deep within the Soviet zone of
Germany.
The Berlin Airlift - A massive airlift using
both civil and military aircraft (ultimately
lasting 462 days) that flew supplies into
the Western-held sectors of Berlin over
the blockade during 1948–1949.
Loading milk
on a West
Berlin-bound
plane.
Checkpoint Charlie,
Dividing East and
West Berlin.
1960’s
2006
The H-Bomb
• The United Sates and the Soviet Union were
racing to develop the most powerful nuclear
weapon.
• In 1950, American scientists started
working on the H-Bomb, or Hydrogen
Bomb which was supposed to be 1,000
times more powerful than than A-Bomb.
“Arms Race” & “Space Race”: Two
VERY Important Cold War Issues !
1945: U.S. tests & drops 1st atomic (A)
bomb.
 1949: USSR tests A-Bomb (U.S. loses
monopoly).
 1952: US tests 1st Hydrogen (H) Bomb.
 1953: USSR tests H-Bomb.

 H-Bomb:
Up to 1,000X (times) the power of
the bomb dropped on Hiroshima.
“Arms Race” & “Space Race”: Two
VERY Important Cold War Issues !

1957: USSR
 Tests
missile capable of carrying an H-bomb
from USSR to USA.
 Puts space satellite “Sputnik” into space: 1st
man-made object to orbit the earth.
1958: USA counters both moves.
 1961: USSR has 1st person to orbit earth.
 1969: USA has 1st person to walk on moon.

The Sputnik crisis
was a turning point
of the Cold War that
began on October 4,
1957 when the Soviet
Union launched the
Sputnik 1 satellite.
On July 29, 1958, President Eisenhower formally
brought the U.S. into the Space Race by signing
the National Aeronautics and Space Act, creating
NASA and later Project Mercury (the first manned
spaceflight program).
Mercury
space flight
in 1961.
 Oct 3, 1957 (day before Sputnik launch, USSR world’s 1st ICBM (5,280 mile range).
 The Space Race led up to Project Apollo and the moon landings in 1969.
“That’s one small step for man,
one giant leap for mankind.”
-- Neil Armstrong
July 20, 1969
D.
Arms race - competition
for military supremacy.
ICBM
missile
 Each party competes to produce larger numbers
of weapons, greater armies, or superior military
technology in a technological escalation.
 During the USSR’s economic recovery, the growth rate
for heavy industry was 3 X that of consumer goods.
Modern-Day ‘Nukes’
Country
Warheads
active/total*
Year of first test
Five "nuclear weapons states" from NPT.
United States
5,735/9,960
1945 ("Trinity“)
Russia (formerly
the Soviet Union)
5,830/16,000
1949 ("RDS-1")
United Kingdom
<200
1952 ("Hurricane")
France
350
1960 ("Gerboise
Bleue")
China
130
1964 ("596")
NPT: ‘Non-Proliferation
Treaty’ of 1968 to
achieve disarmament of
nuclear weapons. 187
nations have signed the
Treaty.
Other known nuclear powers.
India
40-50
1974 ("Smiling
Buddha")
Pakistan
30-52
1998 ("Chagai-I")
North Korea
1-10
2006
Undeclared nuclear weapons states
Israel
75-200
none or unknown
An early stage in the
"Trinity" fireball, the
first U.S. nuclear
explosion.
Radiation fallout from a Nuclear attack

World map with nuclear weapons development status.
Five "nuclear weapons states" from the NPT.
Other known nuclear powers States formerly possessing nuclear weapons.
States suspected of being in the process of developing nuclear weapons.
States that at one point had nuclear weapons and/or nuclear weapons programs.
States that possess nuclear weapons, but have not widely adopted them.
E.
North Atlantic Treaty Org (N.A.T.O.)
(1949) – Military alliance
formed; members help
each other if attacked.
F.
Warsaw Pact (1955) – Central &
Eastern European communist
states to counter the
threat from NATO.
 NATO members: U.S., Canada, England, France, Italy, Norway, Netherlands, etc.
 Warsaw Pact members: U.S.S.R., Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, etc.
 Does NATO & Warsaw Pact remind you of the “Alliance System” before WWI ???
West Germany – Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).
East Germany – German Democratic Republic (GDR).
Communist countries dominated by but NOT in
the USSR (i.e. Poland, Romania, Bulgaria) became
known as “satellite states.”
G.
The Truman Doctrine (1947) –
U.S. foreign policy to contain
Communism by giving Greece &
Turkey economic aid.
1. Containment – Stop spread
of Communism.
President Truman delivering the
Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947.
 It stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and
military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.
 The Doctrine shifted American foreign policy towards a policy of ‘containment’
of Soviet expansion (Kennan).
 Historians often use it to mark the starting date of the Cold War.
Truman Doctrine (1947):
1948 Re-election
of Pres. Truman.
1. Supported any
nation threatened by
Communism.
2. Application of
Containment policy.
3. Early Successes:
Greece & Turkey.
Korea & Vietnam:
Other successes?
Kennan
Containment
State Dept. planner George F. Kennan
proposed containment policy:
► A “long-term, patient but firm and
vigilant containment of Russian
expansivist tendencies.”
 Bottom line: Don’t allow Communism to
grow.

The Marshall Plan
Europe’s economy in shambles after WWII.
 Marshall proposed aid to “all European countries
who needed it.”
 Plan also worked to keep communism from
spreading to western Europe.

H.
The Marshall Plan (European
Recovery Program of 1947) – U.S.
plan for rebuilding Allies &
stop
communism
after WWII.
Map of Cold-War era Europe and the
Near East showing countries that
received Marshall Plan aid. The red
columns show the relative amount of
total aid per nation.
 The initiative was named for U.S. Secretary
of State George Marshall and the creation
of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan.
 The plan was in operation for four years beginning in July 1947.
 During that period some $13 billion of economic and technical assistance was
given to help the recovery of the European countries.
Marshall Plan
Europe financially weak after WWII.
 Sec. Of State George C. Marshall proposed
European aid program.

 US
assisted W. Europe (1) financially & in (2)
planning for Europe’s future. W. Europe’s
economy quickly regained strength.

USSR & satellites did not participate &
their economies did not improve.
Why would
Stalin want
to “block”
The Marshall
Plan??
Printed in Moscow for East German
distribution. "High Vigilance and Battle
Readiness Guard Your German
Democratic Republic." General Matthew
Ridgeway, commander of Postwar
American Forces in Europe, as an
insect with a bug sprayer atop a flying
bomber.
The Berlin Wall:
a separation barrier between West Berlin
and East Germany (GDR), which closed the
border between East and West Berlin for
28 years. Construction on the wall began
on August 13, 1961 by Khrushchev, and
was dismantled after November 9, 1989.
The Berlin Wall was an iconic symbol of
the Cold War.
The "death strip" between fence and
concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at
hundreds of escapees from the East.
Daring escapes to the West!
Two East Berliners tried to cross “No man’s land”
in Aug, 1962. One man made it, the other didn’t.
A total of 21 shots were fired by the GDR soldiers.
“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.”
-- U.S. President Ronald Reagan
“Iron Curtain”
created that split
Europe into
The free West,
and the
Communist East.
2006
1989
The Berlin Wall (Iron
Curtain) fell in 1989.
The U–2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U–2 spy plane was shot
down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane,
but were forced to admit it when the U.S.S.R produced the living pilot and the
largely intact plane to corroborate their claim of being spied on aerially. The
incident worsened East–West relations during the Cold War and was a great
embarrassment for the United States.
The trial of pilot
Francis Powers.
Lockheed’s U-2 spy plane:
max speed – 510 mph;
max ceiling – 90,000 feet.
Nikita Khrushchev was
the leader of the Soviet Union
after the death of Joseph Stalin.
 Francis Powers pleaded guilty and was convicted of espionage on August 19 and
sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment and 7 years of hard labor.
 He served one and three-quarter years of the sentence before being exchanged
for Rudolf Abel on February 10, 1962.
Uprising Against the Soviets
Hungarians flee as the revolution
is crushed in Budapest, 1956.
1968 Czechoslovak cartoon showing Soviets
as liberators in 1945 and oppressors in 1968. Soviet tanks enter Prague, August 1968.
‘Prague Spring’ was coined by Western
media after the event became known
worldwide. It made reference to the
Springtime of Peoples, a lyrical title given
to the Revolutions of 1848.
Soviet Union (1922-1991)
USSR = Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (aka Soviet Union).
 Although 15 countries were republics,
the only country with real power was
Russia.

 A quarter of the world's population still lives in Communist states, mostly in China.
 There are still Communist movements in Latin America and South Asia.